| Name | Market Cap | Current Price | P/E Ratio | Revenue Growth 1Y | Net Margin | ROE | FCF Yield | Debt/Equity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASIXAdvanSix Inc. | 481.94M | 17.94 | 11.07 | -1.05% | 3.52% | 6.41% | 0.35% | 0.45 |
| Dec 2015 | Dec 2016 | Dec 2017 | Dec 2018 | Dec 2019 | Dec 2020 | Dec 2021 | Dec 2022 | Dec 2023 | Dec 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sales/Revenue | 1.33B | 1.19B | 1.48B | 1.51B | 1.3B | 1.16B | 1.68B | 1.95B | 1.53B | 1.52B |
| Revenue Growth % | -0.26% | -0.1% | 0.24% | 0.03% | -0.14% | -0.11% | 0.45% | 0.15% | -0.21% | -0.01% |
| Cost of Goods Sold | 1.18B | 1.08B | 1.25B | 1.34B | 1.16B | 1.02B | 1.41B | 1.63B | 1.37B | 1.36B |
| COGS % of Revenue | 0.89% | 0.91% | 0.85% | 0.88% | 0.9% | 0.88% | 0.84% | 0.84% | 0.89% | 0.9% |
| Gross Profit | 149.76M | 107.63M | 226.18M | 174.49M | 135.47M | 133.75M | 274.12M | 314.48M | 165.09M | 152.94M |
| Gross Margin % | 0.11% | 0.09% | 0.15% | 0.12% | 0.1% | 0.12% | 0.16% | 0.16% | 0.11% | 0.1% |
| Gross Profit Growth % | -0.18% | -0.28% | 1.1% | -0.23% | -0.22% | -0.01% | 1.05% | 0.15% | -0.48% | -0.07% |
| Operating Expenses | 52.4M | 53.75M | 72.81M | 81.22M | 75.38M | 133.75M | 82.98M | 87.75M | 95.54M | 94.02M |
| OpEx % of Revenue | 0.04% | 0.05% | 0.05% | 0.05% | 0.06% | 0.12% | 0.05% | 0.05% | 0.06% | 0.06% |
| Selling, General & Admin | 52.4M | 53.75M | 72.81M | 81.22M | 75.38M | 70.87M | 82.98M | 87.75M | 95.54M | 94.02M |
| SG&A % of Revenue | 0.04% | 0.05% | 0.05% | 0.05% | 0.06% | 0.06% | 0.05% | 0.05% | 0.06% | 0.06% |
| Research & Development | 12.81M | 13.76M | 12.9M | 14.8M | 13.9M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| R&D % of Revenue | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.01% | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Operating Expenses | 2.88M | -102K | -8.73M | -7.5M | -13.9M | 62.88M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Operating Income | 97.36M | 53.88M | 153.37M | 93.26M | 60.1M | 0 | 191.14M | 226.73M | 69.55M | 58.91M |
| Operating Margin % | 0.07% | 0.05% | 0.1% | 0.06% | 0.05% | - | 0.11% | 0.12% | 0.05% | 0.04% |
| Operating Income Growth % | -0.25% | -0.45% | 1.85% | -0.39% | -0.36% | -1% | - | 0.19% | -0.69% | -0.15% |
| EBITDA | 133.77M | 94.21M | 201.82M | 146.5M | 116.92M | 123.66M | 256.48M | 296.08M | 142.56M | 135.09M |
| EBITDA Margin % | 0.1% | 0.08% | 0.14% | 0.1% | 0.09% | 0.11% | 0.15% | 0.15% | 0.09% | 0.09% |
| EBITDA Growth % | -0.18% | -0.3% | 1.14% | -0.27% | -0.2% | 0.06% | 1.07% | 0.15% | -0.52% | -0.05% |
| D&A (Non-Cash Add-back) | 36.41M | 40.33M | 48.45M | 53.23M | 56.83M | 60.83M | 65.34M | 69.35M | 73.01M | 76.18M |
| EBIT | 100.24M | 54.19M | 154.39M | 93.26M | 58.8M | 62.83M | 190.14M | 228.57M | 76.71M | 56.89M |
| Net Interest Income | 0 | 0 | 0 | -7.49M | 0 | -7.79M | -5.02M | -2.78M | -7.49M | -11.31M |
| Interest Income | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Interest Expense | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.49M | - | 7.79M | 5.02M | 2.78M | 7.49M | 11.31M |
| Other Income/Expense | 2.88M | -102K | -9.76M | -7.5M | -6.75M | 55.03M | -6.02M | -940K | -327K | -13.34M |
| Pretax Income | 100.24M | 53.77M | 144.63M | 85.77M | 53.35M | 55.03M | 185.12M | 225.79M | 69.22M | 45.58M |
| Pretax Margin % | 0.08% | 0.05% | 0.1% | 0.06% | 0.04% | 0.05% | 0.11% | 0.12% | 0.05% | 0.03% |
| Income Tax | 36.46M | 19.63M | -2.07M | 19.52M | 12M | 8.96M | 45.33M | 53.91M | 14.6M | 1.43M |
| Effective Tax Rate % | 0.64% | 0.63% | 1.01% | 0.77% | 0.78% | 0.84% | 0.76% | 0.76% | 0.79% | 0.97% |
| Net Income | 63.78M | 34.15M | 146.7M | 66.24M | 41.35M | 46.08M | 139.79M | 171.89M | 54.62M | 44.15M |
| Net Margin % | 0.05% | 0.03% | 0.1% | 0.04% | 0.03% | 0.04% | 0.08% | 0.09% | 0.04% | 0.03% |
| Net Income Growth % | -0.24% | -0.46% | 3.3% | -0.55% | -0.38% | 0.11% | 2.03% | 0.23% | -0.68% | -0.19% |
| Net Income (Continuing) | 63.78M | 34.15M | 146.7M | 66.24M | 41.35M | 46.08M | 139.79M | 171.89M | 54.62M | 44.15M |
| Discontinued Operations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EPS (Diluted) | 2.08 | 1.12 | 4.72 | 2.14 | 1.43 | 1.64 | 4.81 | 5.92 | 1.95 | 1.62 |
| EPS Growth % | -0.24% | -0.46% | 3.21% | -0.55% | -0.33% | 0.15% | 1.93% | 0.23% | -0.67% | -0.17% |
| EPS (Basic) | 2.08 | 1.12 | 4.81 | 2.20 | 1.47 | 1.64 | 4.97 | 6.15 | 2.00 | 1.65 |
| Diluted Shares Outstanding | 30.62M | 30.5M | 31.09M | 30.98M | 28.9M | 28.16M | 29.05M | 29.03M | 28.01M | 27.25M |
| Basic Shares Outstanding | 30.48M | 30.48M | 30.48M | 30.17M | 28.12M | 28.05M | 28.15M | 27.97M | 27.3M | 26.83M |
| Dividend Payout Ratio | - | 7.89% | - | - | - | - | 0.03% | 0.09% | 0.3% | 0.39% |
| Dec 2015 | Dec 2016 | Dec 2017 | Dec 2018 | Dec 2019 | Dec 2020 | Dec 2021 | Dec 2022 | Dec 2023 | Dec 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Current Assets | 282.22M | 282.54M | 387.77M | 311.06M | 290.54M | 333.5M | 349.85M | 440.93M | 419.8M | 387.12M |
| Cash & Short-Term Investments | 0 | 14.2M | 55.43M | 9.81M | 7.05M | 10.61M | 15.1M | 30.98M | 29.77M | 19.56M |
| Cash Only | 0 | 14.2M | 55.43M | 9.81M | 7.05M | 10.61M | 15.1M | 30.98M | 29.77M | 19.56M |
| Short-Term Investments | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Accounts Receivable | 127.55M | 131.67M | 196M | 160.27M | 106.66M | 135.84M | 179.09M | 185.2M | 166.83M | 146.18M |
| Days Sales Outstanding | 35.02 | 40.33 | 48.5 | 38.61 | 30.01 | 42.82 | 38.8 | 34.74 | 39.71 | 35.16 |
| Inventory | 150.23M | 128.98M | 129.21M | 137.18M | 171.71M | 180.09M | 149.57M | 215.5M | 211.83M | 212.39M |
| Days Inventory Outstanding | 46.48 | 43.43 | 37.76 | 37.35 | 53.94 | 64.18 | 38.7 | 48.22 | 56.5 | 56.81 |
| Other Current Assets | 4.44M | 7.69M | 7.13M | 3.81M | 5.12M | 6.97M | 6.1M | 9.24M | 11.38M | 8.99M |
| Total Non-Current Assets | 558.77M | 622.42M | 662.5M | 723.56M | 945.43M | 929.9M | 962.14M | 1.05B | 1.08B | 1.21B |
| Property, Plant & Equipment | 527.54M | 575.38M | 612.61M | 672.21M | 891.87M | 879.95M | 904.17M | 925.75M | 948.45M | 1.07B |
| Fixed Asset Turnover | 2.52x | 2.07x | 2.41x | 2.25x | 1.45x | 1.32x | 1.86x | 2.10x | 1.62x | 1.42x |
| Goodwill | 15.01M | 15.01M | 15.01M | 15.01M | 15.01M | 15.01M | 17.59M | 56.19M | 56.19M | 56.19M |
| Intangible Assets | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17.98M | 49.24M | 46.19M | 43.14M |
| Long-Term Investments | 0 | -114.2M | -92.28M | -103.78M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Non-Current Assets | 16.22M | 32.04M | 34.88M | 36.35M | 38.56M | 34.95M | 22.4M | 23.22M | 25.38M | 37.17M |
| Total Assets | 840.99M | 904.96M | 1.05B | 1.03B | 1.24B | 1.26B | 1.31B | 1.5B | 1.5B | 1.59B |
| Asset Turnover | 1.58x | 1.32x | 1.40x | 1.46x | 1.05x | 0.92x | 1.28x | 1.30x | 1.03x | 0.95x |
| Asset Growth % | 0.02% | 0.08% | 0.16% | -0.01% | 0.19% | 0.02% | 0.04% | 0.14% | 0% | 0.07% |
| Total Current Liabilities | 243.05M | 273.98M | 296.79M | 284.72M | 291.73M | 287.04M | 309.82M | 393.49M | 358.92M | 357.1M |
| Accounts Payable | 192.73M | 223.01M | 227.71M | 229.51M | 205.91M | 190.23M | 221.23M | 272.74M | 259.07M | 228.76M |
| Days Payables Outstanding | 59.63 | 75.1 | 66.54 | 62.49 | 64.68 | 67.79 | 57.25 | 61.03 | 69.1 | 61.19 |
| Short-Term Debt | 0 | 0 | 16.88M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Deferred Revenue (Current) | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K |
| Other Current Liabilities | 0 | 0 | 34.71M | 29.87M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Current Ratio | 1.16x | 1.03x | 1.31x | 1.09x | 1.00x | 1.16x | 1.13x | 1.12x | 1.17x | 1.08x |
| Quick Ratio | 0.54x | 0.56x | 0.87x | 0.61x | 0.41x | 0.53x | 0.65x | 0.57x | 0.58x | 0.49x |
| Cash Conversion Cycle | 21.87 | 8.67 | 19.71 | 13.47 | 19.26 | 39.21 | 20.26 | 21.94 | 27.11 | 30.78 |
| Total Non-Current Liabilities | 118.86M | 415.62M | 377.15M | 329.56M | 543.37M | 532.25M | 400.99M | 363.66M | 397.87M | 463.17M |
| Long-Term Debt | 0 | 264.84M | 248.34M | 200M | 297M | 275M | 135M | 115M | 170M | 195M |
| Capital Lease Obligations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 98.35M | 85.61M | 100.58M | 77.57M | 63.96M | 111.4M |
| Deferred Tax Liabilities | 114.91M | 114.2M | 92.28M | 103.78M | 110.07M | 125.58M | 133.33M | 160.41M | 151.06M | 145.3M |
| Other Non-Current Liabilities | 3.95M | 36.58M | 36.54M | 25.78M | 37.95M | 46.07M | 32.08M | 10.68M | 12.85M | 11.47M |
| Total Liabilities | 361.92M | 689.6M | 673.95M | 614.29M | 835.09M | 819.28M | 710.81M | 757.15M | 756.78M | 820.27M |
| Total Debt | 0 | 264.84M | 265.21M | 200M | 433.35M | 389.88M | 271.71M | 230.04M | 266.01M | 348.89M |
| Net Debt | 0 | 250.64M | 209.78M | 190.19M | 426.3M | 379.28M | 256.61M | 199.06M | 236.25M | 329.33M |
| Debt / Equity | - | 1.23x | 0.70x | 0.48x | 1.08x | 0.88x | 0.45x | 0.31x | 0.36x | 0.45x |
| Debt / EBITDA | - | 2.81x | 1.31x | 1.37x | 3.71x | 3.15x | 1.06x | 0.78x | 1.87x | 2.58x |
| Net Debt / EBITDA | - | 2.66x | 1.04x | 1.30x | 3.65x | 3.07x | 1.00x | 0.67x | 1.66x | 2.44x |
| Interest Coverage | - | - | - | 12.45x | - | - | 38.05x | 81.53x | 9.29x | 5.21x |
| Total Equity | 479.07M | 215.36M | 376.32M | 420.34M | 400.88M | 444.12M | 601.19M | 738.18M | 739.24M | 774.65M |
| Equity Growth % | 0.15% | -0.55% | 0.75% | 0.12% | -0.05% | 0.11% | 0.35% | 0.23% | 0% | 0.05% |
| Book Value per Share | 15.65 | 7.06 | 12.10 | 13.57 | 13.87 | 15.77 | 20.70 | 25.43 | 26.39 | 28.42 |
| Total Shareholders' Equity | 479.07M | 215.36M | 376.32M | 420.34M | 400.88M | 444.12M | 601.19M | 738.18M | 739.24M | 774.65M |
| Common Stock | 482.81M | 305K | 305K | 306K | 314K | 316K | 318K | 320K | 326K | 330K |
| Retained Earnings | 482.81M | -24.71M | 121.98M | 187.82M | 229.17M | 275.24M | 411.52M | 567.52M | 605.07M | 631.54M |
| Treasury Stock | 0 | 0 | 0 | -12K | -35K | -36K | -36K | -45K | -58K | -63K |
| Accumulated OCI | -3.74M | -3.04M | -9.05M | -2.47M | -9.45M | -16.13M | -6.54M | -4.2M | -4.14M | 5.97M |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec 2015 | Dec 2016 | Dec 2017 | Dec 2018 | Dec 2019 | Dec 2020 | Dec 2021 | Dec 2022 | Dec 2023 | Dec 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cash from Operations | 101.54M | 113.74M | 134.61M | 173.38M | 120.39M | 111.85M | 218.85M | 273.6M | 117.55M | 135.41M |
| Operating CF Margin % | 0.08% | 0.1% | 0.09% | 0.11% | 0.09% | 0.1% | 0.13% | 0.14% | 0.08% | 0.09% |
| Operating CF Growth % | -0.46% | 0.12% | 0.18% | 0.29% | -0.31% | -0.07% | 0.96% | 0.25% | -0.57% | 0.15% |
| Net Income | 63.78M | 34.15M | 146.7M | 66.24M | 41.35M | 46.08M | 139.79M | 171.89M | 54.62M | 44.15M |
| Depreciation & Amortization | 36.41M | 40.33M | 48.45M | 53.23M | 56.83M | 60.83M | 65.34M | 69.35M | 73.01M | 76.18M |
| Stock-Based Compensation | 562K | 1.33M | 7.74M | 10.13M | 8.35M | 0 | 11.3M | 10.28M | 8.31M | 7.85M |
| Deferred Taxes | 9.91M | 11.53M | -7.51M | 9.56M | 8.44M | 17.61M | 4.7M | 16.23M | -9.35M | -8.99M |
| Other Non-Cash Items | 1.31M | 1.68M | 2.09M | 3.79M | 16.64M | 6.15M | 2.39M | 2.14M | -2.57M | 2.59M |
| Working Capital Changes | -9.87M | 24.73M | -62.87M | 30.43M | -11.22M | -18.82M | -4.67M | 3.72M | -6.48M | 13.63M |
| Change in Receivables | 38.9M | -3.95M | -64.32M | 31.81M | 53.68M | -29.23M | -53.77M | 9.02M | 29.83M | 19.34M |
| Change in Inventory | 5.02M | 21.25M | -230K | -7.97M | -35.57M | -8.38M | 31.23M | -57.04M | 3.29M | -555K |
| Change in Payables | -38.69M | 23.93M | 8.17M | 69K | -20.33M | -1.34M | 25.39M | 55.86M | -20.76M | -30.61M |
| Cash from Investing | -98.23M | -86.38M | -93.25M | -112.19M | -153.13M | -84.1M | -67.56M | -189.27M | -110.9M | -142.9M |
| Capital Expenditures | -97.14M | -84.01M | -86.44M | -109.22M | -150.32M | -82.92M | -56.81M | -89.45M | -107.38M | -133.72M |
| CapEx % of Revenue | 0.07% | 0.07% | 0.06% | 0.07% | 0.12% | 0.07% | 0.03% | 0.05% | 0.07% | 0.09% |
| Acquisitions | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Investments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Investing | -1.09M | -2.37M | -6.81M | -2.98M | -2.8M | -1.19M | -1.23M | -2.37M | -3.52M | -9.18M |
| Cash from Financing | -3.31M | -13.16M | -127K | -106.82M | 29.98M | -24.19M | -146.79M | -68.44M | -7.87M | -2.71M |
| Debt Issued (Net) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Equity Issued (Net) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Dividends Paid | 0 | -269.35M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.52M | -15.07M | -16.66M | -17.14M |
| Share Repurchases | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Financing | -3.31M | -10.27M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Net Change in Cash | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Free Cash Flow | 4.39M | 29.73M | 48.17M | 64.17M | -29.94M | 28.93M | 162.04M | 184.15M | 10.17M | 1.69M |
| FCF Margin % | 0% | 0.02% | 0.03% | 0.04% | -0.02% | 0.02% | 0.1% | 0.09% | 0.01% | 0% |
| FCF Growth % | -0.95% | 5.77% | 0.62% | 0.33% | -1.47% | 1.97% | 4.6% | 0.14% | -0.94% | -0.83% |
| FCF per Share | 0.14 | 0.97 | 1.55 | 2.07 | -1.04 | 1.03 | 5.58 | 6.34 | 0.36 | 0.06 |
| FCF Conversion (FCF/Net Income) | 1.59x | 3.33x | 0.92x | 2.62x | 2.91x | 2.43x | 1.57x | 1.59x | 2.15x | 3.07x |
| Interest Paid | 0 | 0 | 7.24M | 5.86M | 5.2M | 0 | 4.46M | 2.24M | 7.09M | 10.83M |
| Taxes Paid | 0 | 0 | 12.98M | 7.32M | 6.99M | 0 | 31M | 56.17M | 7.79M | 18.95M |
| Metric | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Return on Equity (ROE) | 14.24% | 9.83% | 49.59% | 16.63% | 10.07% | 10.91% | 26.75% | 25.67% | 7.39% | 5.83% |
| Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) | 16.3% | 8.55% | 21.87% | 11.69% | 6.27% | - | 17.05% | 18.95% | 5.45% | 4.25% |
| Gross Margin | 11.27% | 9.03% | 15.33% | 11.52% | 10.44% | 11.55% | 16.27% | 16.16% | 10.76% | 10.08% |
| Net Margin | 4.8% | 2.87% | 9.94% | 4.37% | 3.19% | 3.98% | 8.3% | 8.83% | 3.56% | 2.91% |
| Debt / Equity | - | 1.23x | 0.70x | 0.48x | 1.08x | 0.88x | 0.45x | 0.31x | 0.36x | 0.45x |
| Interest Coverage | - | - | - | 12.45x | - | - | 38.05x | 81.53x | 9.29x | 5.21x |
| FCF Conversion | 1.59x | 3.33x | 0.92x | 2.62x | 2.91x | 2.43x | 1.57x | 1.59x | 2.15x | 3.07x |
| Revenue Growth | -25.75% | -10.37% | 23.81% | 2.7% | -14.36% | -10.75% | 45.49% | 15.49% | -21.18% | -1.05% |
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Intermediates | - | - | - | - | 544.5M | 511.51M | 437.68M | 434.6M |
| Chemical Intermediates Growth | - | - | - | - | - | -6.06% | -14.44% | -0.70% |
| Nylon Resins | - | - | - | - | 422.9M | 485.24M | 356.63M | 348.5M |
| Nylon Resins Growth | - | - | - | - | - | 14.74% | -26.50% | -2.28% |
| Caprolactam | - | - | - | - | 316.13M | 319.86M | 298.38M | 276.3M |
| Caprolactam Growth | - | - | - | - | - | 1.18% | -6.72% | -7.40% |
| Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizers | - | - | - | - | 401.09M | 629.02M | 440.92M | - |
| Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizers Growth | - | - | - | - | - | 56.83% | -29.90% | - |
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNITED STATES | 1.19M | 1.27B | 1.06B | 891M | 1.38B | 1.62B | 1.25B | 1.3B |
| UNITED STATES Growth | - | 106796.55% | -16.84% | -15.70% | 55.16% | 17.36% | -22.95% | 4.39% |
| Non-US | - | 244M | 240M | 267M | 302.12M | 323.1M | 283.5M | 212.59M |
| Non-US Growth | - | - | -1.64% | 11.25% | 13.16% | 6.94% | -12.26% | -25.02% |
| International | 286K | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| International Growth | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
AdvanSix Inc. (ASIX) has a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of 11.1x. This may indicate the stock is undervalued or faces growth challenges.
AdvanSix Inc. (ASIX) reported $1.49B in revenue for fiscal year 2024. This represents a 17% decrease from $1.79B in 2014.
AdvanSix Inc. (ASIX) saw revenue decline by 1.0% over the past year.
Yes, AdvanSix Inc. (ASIX) is profitable, generating $52.4M in net income for fiscal year 2024 (2.9% net margin).
Yes, AdvanSix Inc. (ASIX) pays a dividend with a yield of 3.50%. This makes it attractive for income-focused investors.
AdvanSix Inc. (ASIX) has a return on equity (ROE) of 5.8%. This is below average, suggesting room for improvement.
AdvanSix Inc. (ASIX) generated $0.1M in free cash flow for fiscal year 2024. Positive FCF indicates the company can fund dividends, buybacks, or reinvestment.