Birkenstock Holding plc(BIRK)Earnings, Financials & Key Ratios
BIRK•NYSE
$39.60
$7.28B mkt cap·18.0× P/E·Price updated May 6, 2026
SectorConsumer CyclicalIndustryFootwear & AccessoriesSub-IndustryAthletic and casual footwear brands
AboutBirkenstock Holding plc manufactures and sells footwear products. It also offers sandals, shoes, closed-toe silhouettes, skincare products, and accessories. The company sells its products through e-commerce sites and a network of owned retail stores, as well as business-to-business channels. It operates in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Europe, APMA, and internationally. Birkenstock Holding plc was founded in 1774 and is based in London, the United Kingdom. Birkenstock Holding plc is a subsidiary of BK LC Lux MidCo S.à r.l.Show more
- Revenue$2.1B+16.2%
- EBITDA$657M+25.7%
- Net Income$348M+81.8%
- EPS (Diluted)1.87+83.3%
- Gross Margin59.11%+0.6%
- EBITDA Margin31.3%+8.1%
- Operating Margin26.2%+12.3%
- Net Margin16.61%+56.4%
- ROE13.03%+70.8%
- ROIC11.26%+36.5%
- Debt/Equity0.48-6.5%
- Interest Coverage6.59+69.9%
BIRK Key Insights
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) fundamental analysis — strengths, weaknesses & financial health based on data analysis
✓Strengths
- ✓Strong Piotroski F-Score: 9/9
- ✓Strong 5Y sales CAGR of 23.6%
- ✓Healthy 5Y average net margin of 11.9%
✗Weaknesses
- ✗Trading more than 30% below 52-week high
* These insights are generated automatically based on available financial data. Please conduct your own research before making investment decisions.
BIRK Price & Volume
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) stock price & volume — 10-year historical chart
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BIRK Growth Metrics
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) revenue, earnings & EPS growth — 3, 5 & 10-year CAGR
Revenue CAGR
10 Years-
5 Years23.55%
3 Years19.06%
TTM14.54%
Profit CAGR
10 Years-
5 Years-
3 Years23.02%
TTM73.05%
EPS CAGR
10 Years-
5 Years-
3 Years18.28%
TTM73.5%
Return on Capital
10 Years6.57%
5 Years9.23%
3 Years9.21%
Last Year12.31%
BIRK Recent Earnings
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) EPS & revenue vs analyst estimates — last 4 quarters
●Beat EPS 4/12 qtrs (44%)●Beat Revenue 6/12 qtrs (67%)
Q1 2026Latest
Feb 12, 2026EPS
$0.31
Est $0.31
+0.0%
Revenue
$472M
Est $472M
+0.0%
Q4 2025
Dec 18, 2025EPS
$0.60
Est $0.42
+41.7%
Revenue
$616M
Est $613M
+0.5%
Q3 2025
Aug 14, 2025EPS
$0.70
Est $0.70
-0.4%
Revenue
$748M
Est $750M
-0.3%
Q2 2025
May 15, 2025EPS
$0.58
Est $0.58
-0.3%
Revenue
$630M
Est $614M
+2.6%
| Quarter | Date | EPS (Act vs Est) | Revenue (Act vs Est) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 2026Latest | Feb 12, 2026 | $0.31vs $0.31+0.0% | $472Mvs $472M+0.0% |
| Q4 2025 | Dec 18, 2025 | $0.60vs $0.42+41.7% | $616Mvs $613M+0.5% |
| Q3 2025 | Aug 14, 2025 | $0.70vs $0.70-0.4% | $748Mvs $750M-0.3% |
| Q2 2025 | May 15, 2025 | $0.58vs $0.58-0.3% | $630Mvs $614M+2.6% |
Based on last 12 quarters of dataView full earnings history →
BIRK Peer Comparison
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) competitors in Athletic and casual footwear brands — business model, growth, and fundamentals comparison
| Company | Market Cap | Stock Price | P/E Ratio (TTM) | Revenue Growth 1Y | Net Margin | Return on Equity (ROE) | FCF Yield | Debt / Equity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 DECK | 14.79B | 103.92 | 16.42 | 16.28% | 19.35% | 39.85% | 0.11 | |
 CROX | 5.29B | 105.75 | -70.50 | -1.5% | -2.58% | -7.54% | 1.25 | |
 WWW | 1.41B | 17.25 | 0.19 | 6.8% | 5.06% | 17.68% | 1.22 | |
 SHOO | 2.92B | 40.02 | 63.52 | 10.45% | 2.89% | 8.45% | 0.54 | |
 NKE | 52.26B | 43.88 | 20.31 | -9.84% | 5.43% | 17.92% | 0.83 | |
 UAA | 1.31B | 6.46 | -13.75 | -9.43% | -10.44% | -36.22% | 0.69 | |
 ONON | 10.7B | 36.06 | 48.47 | 24.16% | 6.76% | 13.48% | 0.36 | |
 BOOT | 5.23B | 171.90 | 29.23 | 14.64% | 8.91% | 14.16% | 0.50 |
Compare BIRK vs Peers
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) vs competitors — business, growth, and fundamentals comparison against the closest industry rivals.
BIRK Income Statement
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) annual income statement — 10-year revenue, gross profit & net income history
10Y historyFree accessUpdated daily
| Line item | Sep'20 | Sep'21 | Sep'22 | Sep'23 | Sep'24 | Sep'25 | TTM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sales/Revenue | 728.55M | 962.13M | 1.24B | 1.49B | 1.8B | 2.1B | 2.14B |
| Revenue Growth % | - | 32.06% | 29.18% | 20.04% | 20.96% | 16.22% | 14.54% |
| Cost of Goods Sold | 468.27M | 416.48M | 493.03M | 566.12M | 744.01M | 857.72M | 891.99M |
| COGS % of Revenue | 64.27% | 43.29% | 39.67% | 37.95% | 41.23% | 40.89% | - |
| Gross Profit | 260.28M▲ 0% | 545.65M▲ 109.6% | 749.8M▲ 37.4% | 925.79M▲ 23.5% | 1.06B▲ 14.6% | 1.24B▲ 16.9% | 1.25B▲ 0% |
| Gross Margin % | 35.73% | 56.71% | 60.33% | 62.05% | 58.77% | 59.11% | 58.27% |
| Gross Profit Growth % | - | 109.64% | 37.41% | 23.47% | 14.57% | 16.88% | - |
| Operating Expenses | 286.92M | 334.41M | 432.29M | 665.11M | 639.6M | 690.16M | 681.77M |
| OpEx % of Revenue | 39.38% | 34.76% | 34.78% | 44.58% | 35.44% | 32.91% | - |
| Selling, General & Admin | 287.19M | 334.03M | 366.73M | 619.84M | 540.8M | 607.22M | 639.4M |
| SG&A % of Revenue | 39.42% | 34.72% | 29.51% | 41.55% | 29.97% | 28.95% | - |
| Research & Development | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| R&D % of Revenue | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Operating Expenses | -266K | 381K | 1.67M | 45.27M | 98.8M | 82.94M | -2M |
| Operating Income | -42.71M▲ 0% | 230.25M▲ 639.1% | 363.03M▲ 57.7% | 260.69M▼ 28.2% | 421.08M▲ 61.5% | 549.54M▲ 30.5% | 563.85M▲ 0% |
| Operating Margin % | -5.86% | 23.93% | 29.21% | 17.47% | 23.33% | 26.2% | 26.38% |
| Operating Income Growth % | - | 639.14% | 57.67% | -28.19% | 61.53% | 30.51% | - |
| EBITDA | 3.35M | 286.89M | 452.67M | 344.1M | 522.37M | 656.57M | 686.89M |
| EBITDA Margin % | 0.46% | 29.82% | 36.42% | 23.06% | 28.95% | 31.3% | 32.13% |
| EBITDA Growth % | - | 8474.25% | 57.78% | -23.98% | 51.81% | 25.69% | 22.61% |
| D&A (Non-Cash Add-back) | 46.05M | 56.65M | 89.64M | 83.41M | 101.29M | 107.02M | 123.04M |
| EBIT | -42.71M | 230.25M | 333.16M | 276.94M | 402.37M | 520.97M | 568.32M |
| Net Interest Income | -87.17M | -79.64M | -88.74M | -125.33M | -128.45M | -75.69M | -56.62M |
| Interest Income | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.11M | 0 | 7.73M | 0 |
| Interest Expense | 87.17M | 79.64M | 88.74M | 129.44M | 108.59M | 83.43M | 56.62M |
| Other Income/Expense | -87.17M | -79.64M | -112.5M | -107.04M | -127.3M | -79.56M | -63.94M |
| Pretax Income | -129.88M▲ 0% | 150.61M▲ 216.0% | 250.52M▲ 66.3% | 153.65M▼ 38.7% | 293.78M▲ 91.2% | 469.98M▲ 60.0% | 499.91M▲ 0% |
| Pretax Margin % | -17.83% | 15.65% | 20.16% | 10.3% | 16.28% | 22.41% | 23.39% |
| Income Tax | -23.68M | 34.17M | 63.41M | 78.63M | 102.18M | 121.65M | 121.15M |
| Effective Tax Rate % | 18.23% | 22.69% | 25.31% | 51.17% | 34.78% | 25.88% | 24.23% |
| Net Income | -106.19M▲ 0% | 116.44M▲ 209.6% | 187.11M▲ 60.7% | 75.02M▼ 59.9% | 191.6M▲ 155.4% | 348.33M▲ 81.8% | 378.76M▲ 0% |
| Net Margin % | -14.58% | 12.1% | 15.06% | 5.03% | 10.62% | 16.61% | 17.72% |
| Net Income Growth % | - | 209.64% | 60.7% | -59.91% | 155.39% | 81.8% | 73.05% |
| Net Income (Continuing) | -106.19M | 116.44M | 187.11M | 75.02M | 191.6M | 348.33M | 378.76M |
| Discontinued Operations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EPS (Diluted) | -0.57▲ 0% | 0.46▲ 180.7% | 1.13▲ 145.7% | 0.41▼ 63.7% | 1.02▲ 148.8% | 1.87▲ 83.3% | 2.02▲ 0% |
| EPS Growth % | - | 180.7% | 145.65% | -63.72% | 148.78% | 83.33% | 73.5% |
| EPS (Basic) | -0.57 | 0.46 | 1.13 | 0.41 | 1.02 | 1.87 | - |
| Diluted Shares Outstanding | 187.83M | 182.72M | 182.72M | 182.72M | 187.6M | 186.51M | 187.25M |
| Basic Shares Outstanding | 187.83M | 182.72M | 182.72M | 182.72M | 187.6M | 186.51M | 187.25M |
| Dividend Payout Ratio | - | 134.06% | - | - | - | - | - |
BIRK Balance Sheet
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) balance sheet — assets, liabilities & shareholders' equity
| Line item | Sep'20 | Sep'21 | Sep'22 | Sep'23 | Sep'24 | Sep'25 | TTM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Current Assets | 380.06M | 731.19M | 959.91M | 1.08B | 1.16B | 1.5B | 1.25B |
| Cash & Short-Term Investments | 96.18M | 235.34M | 307.08M | 354.06M | 376.46M | 340.82M | 229.23M |
| Cash Only | 96.18M | 235.34M | 307.08M | 344.41M | 355.84M | 329.07M | 229.23M |
| Short-Term Investments | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9.65M | 20.62M | 11.76M | 0 |
| Accounts Receivable | 65.79M | 54.46M | 62.53M | 88.93M | 142.26M | 189.38M | 117.92M |
| Days Sales Outstanding | 32.96 | 20.66 | 18.36 | 21.76 | 28.77 | 32.96 | 36.26 |
| Inventory | 211.65M | 359.21M | 535.61M | 595.09M | 624.81M | 704.42M | 831.92M |
| Days Inventory Outstanding | 164.98 | 314.82 | 396.52 | 383.68 | 306.52 | 299.76 | 297.55 |
| Other Current Assets | 2.38M | 79.92M | 44.84M | 42.83M | 2.24M | 242.61M | 66.25M |
| Total Non-Current Assets | 423.5M | 3.54B | 3.83B | 3.75B | 3.72B | 4.31B | 3.7B |
| Property, Plant & Equipment | 208.89M | 252.17M | 318.53M | 409.04M | 490.18M | 537.26M | 569.73M |
| Fixed Asset Turnover | 3.49x | 3.82x | 3.90x | 3.65x | 3.68x | 3.90x | 4.01x |
| Goodwill | 13.02M | 1.56B | 1.67B | 1.59B | 1.55B | 1.78B | 1.51B |
| Intangible Assets | 182.85M | 1.69B | 1.82B | 1.71B | 1.64B | 1.85B | 1.57B |
| Long-Term Investments | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.29M | 0 | 0 |
| Other Non-Current Assets | 2.33M | 41.71M | 16.11M | 38.23M | 34.06M | 129.44M | 243.91M |
| Total Assets | 803.56M▲ 0% | 4.27B▲ 431.1% | 4.79B▲ 12.2% | 4.83B▲ 0.8% | 4.88B▲ 1.2% | 4.94B▲ 1.2% | 4.95B▲ 0% |
| Asset Turnover | 0.91x | 0.23x | 0.26x | 0.31x | 0.37x | 0.42x | 0.41x |
| Asset Growth % | - | 431.08% | 12.21% | 0.81% | 1.19% | 1.17% | 18.66% |
| Total Current Liabilities | 169.55M | 261.66M | 323.97M | 378.58M | 447.89M | 453.67M | 397.68M |
| Accounts Payable | 21.53M | 66.43M | 57.34M | 79.56M | 74.68M | 84.74M | 115.75M |
| Days Payables Outstanding | 16.78 | 58.22 | 42.45 | 51.29 | 36.64 | 36.06 | 49.8 |
| Short-Term Debt | 0 | 41.69M | 56.73M | 37.34M | 24.67M | 17.13M | 11.39M |
| Deferred Revenue (Current) | 3.23M | 3.81M | 4M | 6.93M | 8M | 6.2M | 20.99M |
| Other Current Liabilities | 65.68M | 90.86M | 139.81M | 160.42M | 181.75M | 144.12M | 198.22M |
| Current Ratio | 2.24x | 2.79x | 2.96x | 2.85x | 2.60x | 3.30x | 3.30x |
| Quick Ratio | 0.99x | 1.42x | 1.31x | 1.28x | 1.20x | 1.75x | 1.75x |
| Cash Conversion Cycle | 181.16 | 277.26 | 372.44 | 354.15 | 298.66 | 296.66 | 284 |
| Total Non-Current Liabilities | 225.85M | 1.94B | 2.11B | 2.05B | 1.81B | 1.77B | 1.78B |
| Long-Term Debt | 100M | 1.78B | 1.92B | 1.82B | 1.14B | 1.1B | 1.13B |
| Capital Lease Obligations | 99.38M | 76.96M | 89.91M | 103.05M | 143.2M | 149.34M | 600.54M |
| Deferred Tax Liabilities | 16.21M | 79.05M | 92.85M | 0 | 131M | 163.43M | 491.31M |
| Other Non-Current Liabilities | 3.59M | 383K | 0 | 129.56M | 382.76M | 339.93M | 1.55B |
| Total Liabilities | 395.39M | 2.2B | 2.43B | 2.43B | 2.26B | 2.22B | 2.18B |
| Total Debt | 220.43M | 1.89B | 2.04B | 1.98B | 1.35B | 1.31B | 1.35B |
| Net Debt | 124.26M | 1.65B | 1.74B | 1.64B | 994.23M | 1.01B | 1.12B |
| Debt / Equity | 0.55x | 0.92x | 0.87x | 0.83x | 0.51x | 0.48x | 0.48x |
| Debt / EBITDA | 65.88x | 6.59x | 4.52x | 5.76x | 2.58x | 1.99x | 1.96x |
| Net Debt / EBITDA | 37.14x | 5.77x | 3.84x | 4.76x | 1.90x | 1.54x | 1.54x |
| Interest Coverage | -0.49x | 2.89x | 4.09x | 2.01x | 3.88x | 6.59x | 10.04x |
| Total Equity | 398.16M▲ 0% | 2.06B▲ 418.5% | 2.36B▲ 14.2% | 2.4B▲ 1.8% | 2.63B▲ 9.3% | 2.72B▲ 3.7% | 2.77B▲ 0% |
| Equity Growth % | - | 418.49% | 14.21% | 1.81% | 9.35% | 3.72% | 31.64% |
| Book Value per Share | 2.12 | 11.30 | 12.90 | 13.14 | 13.99 | 14.60 | 14.80 |
| Total Shareholders' Equity | 398.16M | 2.06B | 2.36B | 2.4B | 2.63B | 3.2B | 2.77B |
| Common Stock | 0 | 182.72M | 182.72M | 182.72M | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Retained Earnings | 95.15M | -36.16M | 150.95M | 225.98M | 417.58M | 899.94M | 816.46M |
| Treasury Stock | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -355.77M | 0 | 0 |
| Accumulated OCI | 303.02M | 23.48M | 129.76M | 97.51M | 38.95M | -41.69M | -36.79M |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BIRK Cash Flow Statement
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) cash flow — operating, investing & free cash flow history
| Line item | Sep'20 | Sep'21 | Sep'22 | Sep'23 | Sep'24 | Sep'25 | TTM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cash from Operations | 193.6M | 180.93M | 234.14M | 358.73M | 428.7M | 373.23M | 373.23M |
| Operating CF Margin % | 26.57% | 18.8% | 18.84% | 24.05% | 23.75% | 17.79% | - |
| Operating CF Growth % | - | -6.55% | 29.41% | 53.22% | 19.5% | -12.94% | -265.74% |
| Net Income | 101.32M | 84.21M | 187.11M | 75.02M | 191.6M | 348.33M | 378.76M |
| Depreciation & Amortization | 46.05M | 56.5M | 87.36M | 83.41M | 101.29M | 113.54M | 117.5M |
| Stock-Based Compensation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Deferred Taxes | 24.12M | 1.77M | 63.41M | 78.63M | 102.18M | 121.65M | 102.52M |
| Other Non-Cash Items | -8.69M | 13.6M | 41.27M | 202.12M | 121.87M | -56.66M | -58.44M |
| Working Capital Changes | 30.81M | 24.85M | -145.02M | -80.45M | -88.25M | -153.63M | -153.69M |
| Change in Receivables | -13.12M | -11.05M | -5.83M | -26.9M | -27.45M | -58.33M | -70.82M |
| Change in Inventory | 39.64M | 8.26M | -159.1M | -95.62M | -47.96M | -89.08M | -104.33M |
| Change in Payables | 0 | 20.75M | 12.36M | 10.74M | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cash from Investing | -3.5M | -18.15M | -71.65M | -100.73M | -58.8M | -93.18M | -108.15M |
| Capital Expenditures | -22.35M | -21.77M | -72.59M | -102.15M | -65.43M | -76.73M | -99.21M |
| CapEx % of Revenue | 3.07% | 2.26% | 5.84% | 6.85% | 3.63% | 3.66% | - |
| Acquisitions | 0 | 2.04M | -1.04M | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.93M |
| Investments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Investing | 18.85M | 1.53M | 1.98M | 1.42M | 6.64M | -16.46M | -7.01M |
| Cash from Financing | -130.25M | -84.74M | -105.32M | -199.28M | -355.05M | -307.44M | -335.7M |
| Debt Issued (Net) | -27.39M | 96.45M | -34.92M | -81.58M | -699.3M | -55.35M | -89.38M |
| Equity Issued (Net) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1000K | -1000K | -2M |
| Dividends Paid | -100.39M | -156.1M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Share Repurchases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -194.72M | -172.16M |
| Other Financing | -2.47M | -25.08M | -70.39M | -117.71M | -91.68M | -57.37M | -74.16M |
| Net Change in Cash | 57.22M▲ 0% | 234.91M▲ 310.6% | 71.73M▼ 69.5% | 37.33M▼ 48.0% | 11.44M▼ 69.4% | -10.48M▼ 191.7% | -57.3M▲ 0% |
| Free Cash Flow | 171.26M▲ 0% | 159.65M▼ 6.8% | 161.54M▲ 1.2% | 255.79M▲ 58.3% | 354.8M▲ 38.7% | 288.28M▼ 18.7% | 281.52M▲ 0% |
| FCF Margin % | 23.51% | 16.59% | 13% | 17.14% | 19.66% | 13.74% | 13.17% |
| FCF Growth % | - | -6.78% | 1.19% | 58.34% | 38.71% | -18.75% | -27.84% |
| FCF per Share | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 1.40 | 1.89 | 1.55 | 1.55 |
| FCF Conversion (FCF/Net Income) | -1.82x | 1.55x | 1.25x | 4.78x | 2.24x | 1.07x | 0.74x |
| Interest Paid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Taxes Paid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BIRK Key Ratios
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) financial ratios — P/E, ROE, debt and 30+ core market and balance-sheet ratios
| Metric | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | TTM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Return on Equity (ROE) | 9.46% | 8.46% | 3.15% | 7.63% | 13.03% | 13.66% |
| Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) | 8.14% | 6.97% | 4.81% | 8.25% | 11.26% | 11.26% |
| Gross Margin | 56.71% | 60.33% | 62.05% | 58.77% | 59.11% | 58.27% |
| Net Margin | 12.1% | 15.06% | 5.03% | 10.62% | 16.61% | 17.72% |
| Debt / Equity | 0.92x | 0.87x | 0.83x | 0.51x | 0.48x | 0.48x |
| Interest Coverage | 2.89x | 4.09x | 2.01x | 3.88x | 6.59x | 10.04x |
| FCF Conversion | 1.55x | 1.25x | 4.78x | 2.24x | 1.07x | 0.74x |
| Revenue Growth | 32.06% | 29.18% | 20.04% | 20.96% | 16.22% | 14.54% |
BIRK Frequently Asked Questions
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) stock FAQ — growth, dividends, profitability & financials explained
Growth & Financials
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) reported $2.14B in revenue for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 193% increase from $728.5M in 2020.
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) grew revenue by 16.2% over the past year. This is strong growth.
Yes, Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) is profitable, generating $378.8M in net income for fiscal year 2025 (16.6% net margin).
Dividend & Returns
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) has a return on equity (ROE) of 13.0%. This is reasonable for most industries.
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) generated $281.5M in free cash flow for fiscal year 2025. Positive FCF indicates the company can fund dividends, buybacks, or reinvestment.
Explore More BIRK
Birkenstock Holding plc (BIRK) financial analysis — history, returns, DCA and operating performance tools
Total Return Calculator
Historical returns with dividends reinvested
DCA Calculator
Dollar cost averaging vs lump sum
Dividend History
Yield, growth, payout safety & DRIP
Earnings History
EPS trends, net income & profitability
Price History
Long-term charts & historical price data
Revenue History
Sales growth patterns & revenue breakdown
Financial Ratios
30 years of market, efficiency and balance-sheet ratios
Valuation
DCF intrinsic value, peer multiples & estimates