Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) fundamental analysis — strengths, weaknesses & financial health based on data analysis
* These insights are generated automatically based on available financial data. Please conduct your own research before making investment decisions.
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) stock price & volume — 10-year historical chart
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) revenue, earnings & EPS growth — 3, 5 & 10-year CAGR
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) competitors in Cybersecurity and identity management — business model, growth, and fundamentals comparison
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) vs competitors — business, growth, and fundamentals comparison against the closest industry rivals.
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) annual income statement — 10-year revenue, gross profit & net income history
| Line item | Dec'16 | Dec'17 | Dec'18 | Dec'19 | Dec'20 | Dec'21 | Dec'22 | Dec'23 | Dec'24 | TTM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sales/Revenue | 845.85K | 1.1M | 1.46M | 3.29M | 4.92M | 10.29M | 18.48M | 26.45M | 31.98M | 36.33M |
| Revenue Growth % | 18.32% | 30.58% | 32.3% | 125.47% | 49.34% | 109.1% | 79.6% | 43.16% | 20.88% | 14.52% |
| Cost of Goods Sold | 542.83K | 620.78K | 860.2K | 1.88M | 2.8M | 5.78M | 9.43M | 10.55M | 8.23M | 13.5M |
| COGS % of Revenue | 64.18% | 56.2% | 58.87% | 57.19% | 56.86% | 56.16% | 51.03% | 39.89% | 25.75% | - |
| Gross Profit | 303.02K▲ 0% | 483.73K▲ 59.6% | 601.04K▲ 24.3% | 1.41M▲ 134.7% | 2.12M▲ 50.5% | 4.51M▲ 112.5% | 9.05M▲ 100.6% | 15.9M▲ 75.8% | 23.74M▲ 49.3% | 22.83M▲ 0% |
| Gross Margin % | 35.82% | 43.8% | 41.13% | 42.81% | 43.14% | 43.84% | 48.96% | 60.11% | 74.25% | 62.85% |
| Gross Profit Growth % | 33.51% | 59.64% | 24.25% | 134.68% | 50.49% | 112.46% | 100.6% | 75.76% | 49.3% | - |
| Operating Expenses | 6.09M | 7.84M | 9.78M | 9.8M | 10.41M | 19.52M | 21.16M | 15.09M | 16.99M | 22.26M |
| OpEx % of Revenue | 720.17% | 709.49% | 669.1% | 297.38% | 211.52% | 189.7% | 114.52% | 57.05% | 53.14% | - |
| Selling, General & Admin | 5M | 6.22M | 7.37M | 7.3M | 8.19M | 14.74M | 17.42M | 11.65M | 12.6M | 15.38M |
| SG&A % of Revenue | 591.46% | 562.77% | 504.43% | 221.71% | 166.46% | 143.29% | 94.3% | 44.03% | 39.4% | - |
| Research & Development | 1.09M | 1.62M | 2.41M | 2.49M | 2.22M | 4.77M | 3.74M | 3.45M | 4.39M | 6.88M |
| R&D % of Revenue | 128.71% | 146.72% | 164.67% | 75.67% | 45.07% | 46.41% | 20.22% | 13.03% | 13.73% | - |
| Other Operating Expenses | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Operating Income | -5.79M▲ 0% | -7.35M▼ 27.0% | -9.18M▼ 24.8% | -8.39M▲ 8.6% | -8.28M▲ 1.2% | -15.01M▼ 81.1% | -12.11M▲ 19.3% | 809.91K▲ 106.7% | 6.75M▲ 733.7% | 568.38K▲ 0% |
| Operating Margin % | -684.34% | -665.69% | -627.97% | -254.57% | -168.38% | -145.86% | -65.55% | 3.06% | 21.12% | 1.56% |
| Operating Income Growth % | 69.68% | -27.02% | -24.8% | 8.6% | 1.22% | -81.13% | 19.28% | 106.69% | 733.66% | - |
| EBITDA | -5.51M | -7.07M | -8.84M | -7.26M | -6.91M | -13.22M | -9.94M | 4.57M | 7.63M | 1.1M |
| EBITDA Margin % | -651.13% | -640.33% | -604.64% | -220.4% | -140.48% | -128.5% | -53.8% | 17.28% | 23.85% | 3.02% |
| EBITDA Growth % | 70.71% | -28.41% | -24.92% | 17.81% | 4.81% | -91.26% | 24.81% | 145.98% | 66.84% | -87.43% |
| D&A (Non-Cash Add-back) | 280.94K | 280.16K | 340.89K | 1.13M | 1.37M | 1.79M | 2.17M | 3.76M | 873.12K | 527.76K |
| EBIT | -8.94M | -5.09M | -11.17M | -12.4M | -7.84M | -13.96M | -12.41M | -5.4M | 7.45M | 943.58K |
| Net Interest Income | -10K | -248K | -527K | -609K | -294K | -113K | -314K | -561K | 402K | 1.17M |
| Interest Income | 2K | 9K | 10K | 4K | 14K | 8K | 16K | 115K | 795K | 1.17M |
| Interest Expense | 12K | 257K | 537K | 613K | 308K | 121K | 329K | 676K | 393K | 0 |
| Other Income/Expense | -3.16M | 2M | -2.53M | -4.63M | 136.95K | 926.64K | -620.56K | -6.88M | 282.33K | 1.16M |
| Pretax Income | -8.95M▲ 0% | -5.35M▲ 40.2% | -11.71M▼ 118.7% | -13.02M▼ 11.2% | -8.15M▲ 37.4% | -14.08M▼ 72.8% | -12.73M▲ 9.6% | -6.07M▲ 52.3% | 7.03M▲ 215.8% | 1.73M▲ 0% |
| Pretax Margin % | -1058.13% | -484.67% | -801.3% | -395.1% | -165.6% | -136.85% | -68.91% | -22.96% | 22% | 4.76% |
| Income Tax | 2.01K | 1.01K | 5.98K | 23.07K | -247.73K | -945.65K | -325.72K | -480.76K | 1.23M | 539.18K |
| Effective Tax Rate % | -0.02% | -0.02% | -0.05% | -0.18% | 3.04% | 6.72% | 2.56% | 7.92% | 17.44% | 31.16% |
| Net Income | -8.95M▲ 0% | -5.35M▲ 40.2% | -11.71M▼ 118.8% | -13.04M▼ 11.3% | -7.9M▲ 39.4% | -13.13M▼ 66.3% | -12.41M▲ 5.5% | -5.59M▲ 54.9% | 5.81M▲ 203.8% | 1.19M▲ 0% |
| Net Margin % | -1058.36% | -484.76% | -801.71% | -395.8% | -160.56% | -127.66% | -67.15% | -21.14% | 18.16% | 3.28% |
| Net Income Growth % | 50.79% | 40.19% | -118.79% | -11.31% | 39.42% | -66.25% | 5.53% | 54.93% | 203.84% | -83.12% |
| Net Income (Continuing) | -8.95M | -5.35M | -11.71M | -13.04M | -7.9M | -13.13M | -12.41M | -5.59M | 5.81M | 1.19M |
| Discontinued Operations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EPS (Diluted) | -6192.00▲ 0% | -2305.00▲ 62.8% | -1156.00▲ 49.8% | -78.00▲ 93.3% | -4.30▲ 94.5% | -4.80▼ 11.6% | -4.20▲ 12.5% | -1.40▲ 66.7% | 0.85▲ 160.7% | 0.14▲ 0% |
| EPS Growth % | 71.91% | 62.77% | 49.85% | 93.25% | 94.49% | -11.63% | 12.5% | 66.67% | 160.71% | -84% |
| EPS (Basic) | -6192.00 | -2305.80 | -1156.00 | -78.00 | -4.30 | -4.80 | -4.20 | -1.40 | 0.85 | - |
| Diluted Shares Outstanding | 1.44K | 2.31K | 10.17K | 167.15K | 1.82M | 2.71M | 3.13M | 4.14M | 6.84M | 8.54M |
| Basic Shares Outstanding | 1.44K | 2.3K | 10.17K | 167.15K | 1.82M | 2.71M | 3.13M | 4M | 6.84M | 8.55M |
| Dividend Payout Ratio | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) balance sheet — assets, liabilities & shareholders' equity
| Line item | Dec'16 | Dec'17 | Dec'18 | Dec'19 | Dec'20 | Dec'21 | Dec'22 | Dec'23 | Dec'24 | TTM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Current Assets | 1.61M | 4.47M | 4.91M | 5.52M | 12.56M | 11.92M | 6.4M | 13.27M | 18.82M | 24.15M |
| Cash & Short-Term Investments | 1.31M | 3.51M | 3.72M | 4.34M | 11.02M | 9.71M | 3.29M | 10.87M | 15.08M | 14.37M |
| Cash Only | 1.31M | 3.51M | 3.72M | 4.34M | 11.02M | 3.83M | 3.29M | 10.87M | 15.08M | 14.37M |
| Short-Term Investments | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.89M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Accounts Receivable | 251K | 807K | 1.08M | 1.15M | 1.54M | 2.21M | 2.55M | 2.39M | 3.73M | 8.49M |
| Days Sales Outstanding | 108.31 | 266.68 | 271.02 | 127.4 | 114.39 | 78.37 | 50.37 | 33.02 | 42.62 | 54.26 |
| Inventory | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Days Inventory Outstanding | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Current Assets | 44K | 93K | 104K | 29K | 0 | 0 | 560K | 0 | 0 | 1.29M |
| Total Non-Current Assets | 1.62M | 1.45M | 1.46M | 12.32M | 10.41M | 18.73M | 15.97M | 6.8M | 16M | 19.3M |
| Property, Plant & Equipment | 70K | 165K | 143K | 707K | 687K | 570K | 282K | 867K | 628K | 3.13M |
| Fixed Asset Turnover | 12.08x | 6.69x | 10.22x | 4.66x | 7.16x | 18.05x | 65.52x | 30.51x | 50.92x | 31.97x |
| Goodwill | 523K | 523K | 523K | 6.88M | 5.39M | 11M | 10.43M | 4.12M | 4.12M | 4.12M |
| Intangible Assets | 1.01M | 764K | 796K | 4.61M | 4.2M | 7.01M | 4.88M | 1.39M | 811K | 704K |
| Long-Term Investments | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 148K | 104K | 9.81M | 39.75M |
| Other Non-Current Assets | 13K | 0 | 0 | 126K | 139K | 149K | 228K | 326K | 206K | 2.11M |
| Total Assets | 3.23M▲ 0% | 5.93M▲ 83.7% | 6.37M▲ 7.4% | 17.84M▲ 180.1% | 22.97M▲ 28.8% | 30.65M▲ 33.4% | 22.37M▼ 27.0% | 20.07M▼ 10.3% | 34.81M▲ 73.5% | 43.44M▲ 0% |
| Asset Turnover | 0.26x | 0.19x | 0.23x | 0.18x | 0.21x | 0.34x | 0.83x | 1.32x | 0.92x | 0.98x |
| Asset Growth % | 24.69% | 83.67% | 7.44% | 180.1% | 28.79% | 33.43% | -27.02% | -10.3% | 73.48% | 149.45% |
| Total Current Liabilities | 954K | 1.57M | 1.6M | 13.51M | 4.73M | 5.42M | 8.14M | 5.56M | 8.17M | 10.15M |
| Accounts Payable | 44K | 178K | 103K | 237K | 274K | 1.22M | 2.17M | 369K | 251K | 566K |
| Days Payables Outstanding | 29.59 | 104.66 | 43.71 | 45.91 | 35.75 | 77.01 | 83.88 | 12.77 | 11.13 | 11.55 |
| Short-Term Debt | 63K | 0 | 0 | 7.16M | 0 | 0 | 2.22M | 290K | 938K | 138K |
| Deferred Revenue (Current) | 151K | 424K | 495K | 562K | 441K | 514K | 1.17M | 1.98M | 1.99M | 6.58M |
| Other Current Liabilities | 335K | 650K | 677K | 4.47M | 3.06M | 1.83M | 1.8M | 2.19M | 4.03M | 3.4M |
| Current Ratio | 1.68x | 2.85x | 3.07x | 0.41x | 2.65x | 2.20x | 0.79x | 2.39x | 2.30x | 2.30x |
| Quick Ratio | 1.68x | 2.85x | 3.07x | 0.41x | 2.65x | 2.20x | 0.79x | 2.39x | 2.30x | 2.30x |
| Cash Conversion Cycle | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 42.71 |
| Total Non-Current Liabilities | 1.1M | 1.22M | 1.06M | 1.55M | 2.02M | 1.04M | 920K | 1.32M | 293K | 2.19M |
| Long-Term Debt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 606K | 802K | 32K | 0 |
| Capital Lease Obligations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 324K | 365K | 197K | 13K | 523K | 261K | 2.67M |
| Deferred Tax Liabilities | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.04M | 793K | 645K | 301K | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Non-Current Liabilities | 1.05M | 929K | 811K | 108K | 824K | 182K | 301K | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total Liabilities | 2.06M | 2.79M | 2.66M | 15.06M | 6.76M | 6.47M | 9.06M | 6.88M | 8.46M | 12.35M |
| Total Debt | 63K | 0 | 0 | 7.66M | 663K | 562K | 3.05M | 1.99M | 1.59M | 3.07M |
| Net Debt | -1.25M | -3.51M | -3.72M | 3.32M | -10.35M | -3.27M | -244K | -8.89M | -13.49M | -11.29M |
| Debt / Equity | 0.05x | - | - | 2.76x | 0.04x | 0.02x | 0.23x | 0.15x | 0.06x | 0.06x |
| Debt / EBITDA | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.43x | 0.21x | 2.80x |
| Net Debt / EBITDA | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -1.94x | -1.77x | -1.77x |
| Interest Coverage | -482.41x | -28.61x | -17.09x | -13.68x | -26.90x | -124.02x | -36.82x | 1.20x | 17.18x | - |
| Total Equity | 1.17M▲ 0% | 3.14M▲ 168.0% | 3.71M▲ 18.1% | 2.78M▼ 25.1% | 16.22M▲ 483.9% | 24.19M▲ 49.2% | 13.31M▼ 45.0% | 13.18M▼ 1.0% | 26.35M▲ 99.9% | 31.09M▲ 0% |
| Equity Growth % | -8.65% | 168% | 18.12% | -25.15% | 483.94% | 49.16% | -44.97% | -0.98% | 99.92% | 228.92% |
| Book Value per Share | 813.89 | 1362.69 | 364.83 | 16.61 | 8.93 | 8.92 | 4.25 | 3.18 | 3.85 | 3.64 |
| Total Shareholders' Equity | 1.17M | 3.14M | 3.71M | 2.78M | 16.22M | 24.19M | 13.31M | 13.18M | 26.35M | 31.09M |
| Common Stock | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Retained Earnings | -32.67M | -37.94M | -49.69M | -62.69M | -70.53M | -83.66M | -96.81M | -102.33M | -96.55M | -95.81M |
| Treasury Stock | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Accumulated OCI | 11.62M | 12.58M | 11.8M | 13.07M | 15.26M | 16.73M | 15.04M | 14.94M | 11.01M | 12.77M |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) cash flow — operating, investing & free cash flow history
| Line item | Dec'16 | Dec'17 | Dec'18 | Dec'19 | Dec'20 | Dec'21 | Dec'22 | Dec'23 | Dec'24 | TTM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cash from Operations | -3.32M | -5.34M | -8.74M | -6.73M | -6.61M | -9.11M | -8.05M | 4.73M | 8.89M | 8.89M |
| Operating CF Margin % | -392.15% | -483.93% | -597.85% | -204.36% | -134.38% | -88.51% | -43.57% | 17.87% | 27.81% | - |
| Operating CF Growth % | -36.28% | -61.14% | -63.44% | 22.93% | 1.8% | -37.72% | 11.59% | 158.71% | 88.09% | 0% |
| Net Income | -8.92M | -5.31M | -11.75M | -13M | -7.84M | -13.13M | -13.15M | -5.53M | 5.78M | 1.19M |
| Depreciation & Amortization | 280K | 278K | 342K | 1.12M | 1.36M | 1.78M | 2.04M | 1.15M | 912K | 0 |
| Stock-Based Compensation | 1.82M | 1.32M | 381K | 612K | 742K | 2.36M | 1.68M | 933K | 2.02M | 3.77M |
| Deferred Taxes | 0 | -251K | 60K | 1.42M | 2.99M | 579K | 1.36M | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Non-Cash Items | 3.09M | -1.74M | 2.41M | 2.81M | -2.9M | -1.58M | -438K | 9.43M | -323K | -4.96M |
| Working Capital Changes | 418K | 367K | -174K | 304K | -957K | 878K | 456K | -1.26M | 505K | 0 |
| Change in Receivables | 385K | -194K | -278K | 240K | 46K | -851K | -294K | 149K | -1.22M | 0 |
| Change in Inventory | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -480K | 1.71M | -492K | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Change in Payables | -46K | 134K | -75K | -36K | 25K | 945K | 948K | -1.8M | -118K | 0 |
| Cash from Investing | -52K | -153K | -369K | -5.6M | -1.19M | -9.8M | 5.04M | 592K | -9.34M | 0 |
| Capital Expenditures | -39K | -132K | -352K | -46K | -141K | -286K | -55K | -55K | -99K | 0 |
| CapEx % of Revenue | 4.61% | 11.95% | 24.09% | 1.4% | 2.87% | 2.78% | 0.3% | 0.21% | 0.31% | - |
| Acquisitions | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.51M | -1.07M | -3.7M | 16K | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Investments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Investing | -13K | -21K | -17K | -42K | 22K | 198K | -612K | 680K | 772K | 0 |
| Cash from Financing | 4.59M | 7.45M | 9.36M | 13.11M | 14.71M | 11.64M | 2.6M | 2.21M | 4.69M | 0 |
| Debt Issued (Net) | -2.18M | -63K | 0 | 7.61M | -810K | -275K | 2.82M | -2.05M | -395K | 0 |
| Equity Issued (Net) | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 0 | 1000K | 1000K | 0 |
| Dividends Paid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Share Repurchases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Financing | 1.17M | 1.93M | 131K | 446K | 500K | 2.17M | -216K | -762K | -334K | 0 |
| Net Change in Cash | 1.25M▲ 0% | 2.2M▲ 76.4% | 203K▼ 90.8% | 624K▲ 207.4% | 6.68M▲ 969.9% | -7.19M▼ 207.7% | -538K▲ 92.5% | 7.58M▲ 1509.3% | 4.21M▼ 44.5% | -8.93M▲ 0% |
| Free Cash Flow | -3.36M▲ 0% | -5.54M▼ 65.0% | -9.09M▼ 64.1% | -6.78M▲ 25.4% | -6.75M▲ 0.4% | -9.38M▼ 38.9% | -8.11M▲ 13.6% | 4.67M▲ 157.6% | 8.79M▲ 88.2% | 0▲ 0% |
| FCF Margin % | -396.76% | -501.4% | -621.94% | -205.76% | -137.25% | -91.2% | -43.87% | 17.66% | 27.5% | - |
| FCF Growth % | -37.71% | -65.02% | -64.1% | 25.41% | 0.38% | -38.95% | 13.61% | 157.64% | 88.18% | - |
| FCF per Share | -2330.56 | -2402.60 | -893.70 | -40.56 | -3.72 | -3.46 | -2.59 | 1.13 | 1.29 | 1.29 |
| FCF Conversion (FCF/Net Income) | 0.37x | 1.00x | 0.75x | 0.52x | 0.84x | 0.69x | 0.65x | -0.85x | 1.53x | 0.00x |
| Interest Paid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Taxes Paid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) financial ratios — P/E, ROE, debt and 30+ core market and balance-sheet ratios
| Metric | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | TTM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Return on Equity (ROE) | -729.3% | -248.28% | -341.99% | -402.04% | -83.19% | -65.02% | -66.18% | -42.22% | 29.38% | 4.17% |
| Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) | -593.08% | - | - | -206.51% | -103.9% | -84.04% | -53.46% | 7% | 59.04% | 59.04% |
| Gross Margin | 35.82% | 43.8% | 41.13% | 42.81% | 43.14% | 43.84% | 48.96% | 60.11% | 74.25% | 62.85% |
| Net Margin | -1058.36% | -484.76% | -801.71% | -395.8% | -160.56% | -127.66% | -67.15% | -21.14% | 18.16% | 3.28% |
| Debt / Equity | 0.05x | - | - | 2.76x | 0.04x | 0.02x | 0.23x | 0.15x | 0.06x | 0.06x |
| Interest Coverage | -482.41x | -28.61x | -17.09x | -13.68x | -26.90x | -124.02x | -36.82x | 1.20x | 17.18x | - |
| FCF Conversion | 0.37x | 1.00x | 0.75x | 0.52x | 0.84x | 0.69x | 0.65x | -0.85x | 1.53x | 0.00x |
| Revenue Growth | 18.32% | 30.58% | 32.3% | 125.47% | 49.34% | 109.1% | 79.6% | 43.16% | 20.88% | 14.52% |
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) stock FAQ — growth, dividends, profitability & financials explained
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) reported $36.3M in revenue for fiscal year 2024. This represents a 913% increase from $3.6M in 2006.
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) grew revenue by 20.9% over the past year. This is strong growth.
Yes, Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) is profitable, generating $1.2M in net income for fiscal year 2024 (18.2% net margin).
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) has a return on equity (ROE) of 29.4%. This is excellent, indicating efficient use of shareholder capital.
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) generated $8.8M in free cash flow for fiscal year 2024. Positive FCF indicates the company can fund dividends, buybacks, or reinvestment.
Alarum Technologies Ltd. (ALAR) financial analysis — history, returns, DCA and operating performance tools
Historical returns with dividends reinvested
Dollar cost averaging vs lump sum
Yield, growth, payout safety & DRIP
EPS trends, net income & profitability
Long-term charts & historical price data
Sales growth patterns & revenue breakdown
30 years of market, efficiency and balance-sheet ratios
DCF intrinsic value, peer multiples & estimates