← Back to Screener
ScreenerNewsCompareWatchlist
VCP ScannerFree US Stock Screener & Financial AnalysisFree US Stock Screener
ScreenerThemesNewsCompareWatchlist
AnalyzeValuationTotal ReturnDCA CalculatorInsider Activity

NFLX logoNetflix, Inc.(NFLX)Earnings, Financials & Key Ratios

NFLX•NASDAQ
$87.89
$372.42B mkt cap·34.7× P/E·Price updated May 6, 2026
SectorCommunication ServicesIndustryEntertainmentSub-IndustryStreaming Video Platforms
AboutNetflix, Inc. provides entertainment services. It offers TV series, documentaries, feature films, and mobile games across various genres and languages. The company provides members the ability to receive streaming content through a host of internet-connected devices, including TVs, digital video players, television set-top boxes, and mobile devices. It also provides DVDs-by-mail membership services in the United States. The company has approximately 222 million paid members in 190 countries. Netflix, Inc. was incorporated in 1997 and is headquartered in Los Gatos, California.Show more
  • Revenue$45.18B+15.9%
  • EBITDA$30.08B+15.5%
  • Net Income$10.98B+26.1%
  • EPS (Diluted)2.53+27.6%
  • Gross Margin48.49%+5.3%
  • EBITDA Margin66.58%-0.3%
  • Operating Margin29.49%+10.4%
  • Net Margin24.3%+8.8%
  • ROE42.76%+11.3%
  • ROIC29.85%+24.9%
  • Debt/Equity0.54-25.3%
  • Interest Coverage17.16+18.4%
Analysis→Technical→

NFLX Key Insights

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) fundamental analysis — strengths, weaknesses & financial health based on data analysis

✓Strengths

  • ✓Excellent 3Y average ROE of 35.8%
  • ✓Strong 5Y profit CAGR of 31.8%
  • ✓Strong Piotroski F-Score: 7/9
  • ✓FCF machine: 20.9% free cash flow margin
  • ✓Strong 5Y sales CAGR of 12.6%
  • ✓Healthy 5Y average net margin of 18.8%

✗Weaknesses

  • ✗Trading more than 30% below 52-week high
  • ✗Expensive at 14.3x book value

* These insights are generated automatically based on available financial data. Please conduct your own research before making investment decisions.

NFLX Price & Volume

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) stock price & volume — 10-year historical chart

Loading chart...

NFLX Growth Metrics

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) revenue, earnings & EPS growth — 3, 5 & 10-year CAGR

Revenue CAGR

10 Years20.89%
5 Years12.57%
3 Years12.64%
TTM15.85%

Profit CAGR

10 Years56.75%
5 Years31.8%
3 Years34.71%
TTM26.05%

EPS CAGR

10 Years56.89%
5 Years33%
3 Years36.49%
TTM27.58%

Return on Capital

10 Years15.48%
5 Years21.18%
3 Years24.3%
Last Year30.46%

NFLX Recent Earnings

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) EPS & revenue vs analyst estimates — last 4 quarters

Full history →
●Beat EPS 10/12 qtrs (83%)●Beat Revenue 10/12 qtrs (83%)
Q2 2026Latest
Apr 16, 2026
EPS
$1.23
Est $0.76
+61.2%
Revenue
$12.3B
Est $12.2B
+0.6%
Q1 2026
Jan 20, 2026
EPS
$0.56
Est $0.55
+1.4%
Revenue
$12.1B
Est $12.0B
+0.7%
Q4 2025
Oct 21, 2025
EPS
$0.59
Est $0.70
-15.2%
Revenue
$11.5B
Est $11.5B
+0.0%
Q3 2025
Jul 17, 2025
EPS
$0.72
Est $0.71
+1.4%
Revenue
$11.1B
Est $11.1B
+0.2%
QuarterDateEPS (Act vs Est)Revenue (Act vs Est)
Q2 2026LatestApr 16, 2026
$1.23vs $0.76+61.2%
$12.3Bvs $12.2B+0.6%
Q1 2026Jan 20, 2026
$0.56vs $0.55+1.4%
$12.1Bvs $12.0B+0.7%
Q4 2025Oct 21, 2025
$0.59vs $0.70-15.2%
$11.5Bvs $11.5B+0.0%
Q3 2025Jul 17, 2025
$0.72vs $0.71+1.4%
$11.1Bvs $11.1B+0.2%
Based on last 12 quarters of dataView full earnings history →

NFLX Peer Comparison

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) competitors in Streaming Video Platforms — business model, growth, and fundamentals comparison

Select Columns
Stock Universe
Valuation
Growth
Profitability
Financial Health
Dividends & Buybacks
Price Performance
Technical
Fundamentals ($)
Sector-Specific
CompanyMarket CapStock PriceP/E Ratio (TTM)Revenue Growth 1YNet MarginReturn on Equity (ROE)FCF YieldDebt / Equity
DIS logoDISThe Walt Disney CompanyDirect Competitor179.96B100.4814.673.35%12.8%10.75%5.6%0.39
WBD logoWBDWarner Bros. Discovery, Inc.Direct Competitor73.77B27.24-5.90-4.84%1.28%1.3%6%1.13
CMCSA logoCMCSAComcast CorporationDirect Competitor96.42B26.464.91-0.02%14.85%19.54%22.71%1.13
AMZN logoAMZNAmazon.com, Inc.Product Competitor2.94T273.5238.1512.38%12.22%23.34%0.26%0.37
AAPL logoAAPLApple Inc.Product Competitor4.17T284.1838.096.43%27.15%146.69%2.37%1.52
GOOGL logoGOOGLAlphabet Inc.Product Competitor4.7T388.4735.9415.13%37.91%38.98%1.56%0.14
FUBO logoFUBOfuboTV Inc.Product Competitor364.47M12.40-51.6767.74%5.72%16.25%0.25
SIRI logoSIRISirius XM Holdings Inc.Product Competitor8.88B26.4011.73-1.62%9.86%7.33%14.01%0.84

Compare NFLX vs Peers

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) vs competitors — business, growth, and fundamentals comparison against the closest industry rivals.

Closest Rival

vs DIS

Most directly comparable listed peer for NFLX.

Scale Benchmark

vs GOOGL

Larger-name benchmark to compare NFLX against a more recognizable public peer.

Peer Set

Compare Top 5

vs DIS, WBD, CMCSA, AMZN

NFLX Income Statement

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) annual income statement — 10-year revenue, gross profit & net income history

10Y historyFree accessUpdated daily
Line itemDec'17Dec'18Dec'19Dec'20Dec'21Dec'22Dec'23Dec'24Dec'25
Sales/Revenue11.69B15.79B20.16B25B29.7B31.62B33.72B39B45.18B
Revenue Growth %32.41%35.08%27.62%24.01%18.81%6.46%6.67%15.65%15.85%
Cost of Goods Sold7.66B9.97B12.44B15.28B17.33B19.17B19.72B21.04B23.28B
COGS % of Revenue65.51%63.11%61.72%61.11%58.36%60.63%58.46%53.94%51.51%
Gross Profit
4.03B▲ 0%
5.83B▲ 44.5%
7.72B▲ 32.4%
9.72B▲ 26.0%
12.37B▲ 27.2%
12.45B▲ 0.7%
14.01B▲ 12.5%
17.96B▲ 28.2%
21.91B▲ 22.0%
Gross Margin %34.49%36.89%38.28%38.89%41.64%39.37%41.54%46.06%48.49%
Gross Profit Growth %44%44.48%32.43%25.96%27.22%0.66%12.54%28.23%21.96%
Operating Expenses3.19B4.22B5.11B5.13B6.17B6.81B7.05B7.54B8.58B
OpEx % of Revenue27.32%26.73%25.36%20.54%20.78%21.55%20.92%19.35%18.99%
Selling, General & Admin2.14B3B3.57B3.3B3.9B4.1B4.38B4.62B5.19B
SG&A % of Revenue18.32%18.99%17.7%13.22%13.12%12.98%12.98%11.84%11.49%
Research & Development1.05B1.22B1.55B1.83B2.27B2.71B2.68B2.93B3.39B
R&D % of Revenue9%7.74%7.67%7.32%7.66%8.58%7.93%7.5%7.51%
Other Operating Expenses000000000
Operating Income
838.68M▲ 0%
1.61B▲ 91.4%
2.6B▲ 62.2%
4.59B▲ 76.1%
6.19B▲ 35.1%
5.63B▼ 9.1%
6.95B▲ 23.5%
10.42B▲ 49.8%
13.33B▲ 27.9%
Operating Margin %7.17%10.16%12.92%18.34%20.86%17.82%20.62%26.71%29.49%
Operating Income Growth %120.83%91.4%62.24%76.07%35.1%-9.07%23.45%49.81%27.92%
EBITDA7.11B9.22B11.92B15.51B18.63B20B21.51B26.05B30.08B
EBITDA Margin %60.79%58.38%59.16%62.04%62.74%63.25%63.78%66.79%66.58%
EBITDA Growth %34%29.71%29.32%30.06%20.15%7.31%7.57%21.11%15.49%
D&A (Non-Cash Add-back)6.27B7.62B9.32B10.92B12.44B14.36B14.55B15.63B16.76B
EBIT838.68M1.65B2.69B4.59B6.61B5.97B6.95B10.68B13.45B
Net Interest Income-353.36M-378.77M-542.02M-1.39B-354.41M-368.9M-748.6M-451.96M-604.05M
Interest Income041.73M84M0411.21M337.31M0266.78M172.46M
Interest Expense353.36M420.49M626.02M1.39B765.62M706.21M748.6M718.73M776.51M
Other Income/Expense-353.36M-378.77M-542.02M-1.39B-354.41M-368.9M-748.6M-451.96M-604.05M
Pretax Income
485.32M▲ 0%
1.23B▲ 152.7%
2.06B▲ 68.1%
3.2B▲ 55.1%
5.84B▲ 82.5%
5.26B▼ 9.9%
6.21B▲ 17.9%
9.97B▲ 60.6%
12.72B▲ 27.7%
Pretax Margin %4.15%7.77%10.23%12.8%19.67%16.65%18.4%25.55%28.16%
Income Tax-73.61M15.22M195.31M437.95M723.88M772M797.41M1.25B1.74B
Effective Tax Rate %-15.17%1.24%9.47%13.69%12.39%14.67%12.85%12.58%13.69%
Net Income
558.93M▲ 0%
1.21B▲ 116.7%
1.87B▲ 54.1%
2.76B▲ 47.9%
5.12B▲ 85.3%
4.49B▼ 12.2%
5.41B▲ 20.4%
8.71B▲ 61.1%
10.98B▲ 26.1%
Net Margin %4.78%7.67%9.26%11.05%17.23%14.21%16.04%22.34%24.3%
Net Income Growth %199.41%116.71%54.13%47.91%85.28%-12.2%20.39%61.09%26.05%
Net Income (Continuing)558.93M1.21B1.87B2.76B5.12B4.49B5.41B8.71B10.98B
Discontinued Operations000000000
Minority Interest000000000
EPS (Diluted)
0.13▲ 0%
0.27▲ 114.4%
0.41▲ 54.1%
0.61▲ 47.2%
1.12▲ 84.9%
1.00▼ 11.5%
1.20▲ 20.9%
1.98▲ 64.8%
2.53▲ 27.6%
EPS Growth %190.7%114.4%54.1%47.22%84.87%-11.48%20.9%64.84%27.58%
EPS (Basic)0.130.280.430.631.161.011.232.032.58
Diluted Shares Outstanding4.47B4.51B4.52B4.54B4.55B4.51B4.49B4.39B4.32B
Basic Shares Outstanding4.32B4.35B4.38B4.41B4.43B4.45B4.42B4.3B4.23B
Dividend Payout Ratio---------

NFLX Balance Sheet

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) balance sheet — assets, liabilities & shareholders' equity

Line itemDec'17Dec'18Dec'19Dec'20Dec'21Dec'22Dec'23Dec'24Dec'25
Total Current Assets7.67B9.69B6.18B9.76B8.07B9.27B9.92B13.1B13.02B
Cash & Short-Term Investments2.82B3.79B5.02B8.21B6.03B6.06B7.14B9.58B9.06B
Cash Only2.82B3.79B5.02B8.21B6.03B5.15B7.12B7.8B9.03B
Short-Term Investments00000911.28M20.97M1.78B28.68M
Accounts Receivable0569.63M454.4M610.82M804.32M1.59B1.84B1.99B0
Days Sales Outstanding-13.168.238.929.8918.3219.9418.61-
Inventory000000000
Days Inventory Outstanding---------
Other Current Assets4.85B5.15B524.67M742.17M913.88M1.23B529.26M1.1B3.96B
Total Non-Current Assets11.34B16.28B27.8B29.52B36.51B39.33B38.81B40.53B42.58B
Property, Plant & Equipment319.4M418.28M565.22M960.18M1.32B1.4B1.49B1.59B2B
Fixed Asset Turnover36.61x37.76x35.66x26.03x22.44x22.61x22.61x24.47x22.54x
Goodwill000000000
Intangible Assets10.37B14.95B24.5B25.38B30.92B32.74B31.66B32.45B32.78B
Long-Term Investments4.4M16.26M16.26M31.54M24.12M0000
Other Non-Current Assets647.91M894.58M2.71B3.14B4.25B5.19B5.66B6.48B7.79B
Total Assets
19.01B▲ 0%
25.97B▲ 36.6%
33.98B▲ 30.8%
39.28B▲ 15.6%
44.58B▲ 13.5%
48.59B▲ 9.0%
48.73B▲ 0.3%
53.63B▲ 10.1%
55.6B▲ 3.7%
Asset Turnover0.61x0.61x0.59x0.64x0.67x0.65x0.69x0.73x0.81x
Asset Growth %39.94%36.62%30.8%15.61%13.5%8.99%0.28%10.05%3.67%
Total Current Liabilities5.47B6.49B6.86B7.81B8.49B7.93B8.86B10.76B10.98B
Accounts Payable359.56M562.99M674.35M656.18M837.48M671.51M747.41M899.91M900.61M
Days Payables Outstanding17.1320.6219.7915.6817.6412.7913.8415.6114.12
Short-Term Debt000499.88M699.82M0399.84M1.78B998.87M
Deferred Revenue (Current)618.62M760.9M924.75M1.12B1.21B1.26B1.44B1.52B1.78B
Other Current Liabilities4.17B4.68B4.22B4.17B3.98B4.12B4.08B3.97B4.08B
Current Ratio1.40x1.49x0.90x1.25x0.95x1.17x1.12x1.22x1.19x
Quick Ratio1.40x1.49x0.90x1.25x0.95x1.17x1.12x1.22x1.19x
Cash Conversion Cycle---------
Total Non-Current Liabilities9.96B14.25B19.54B20.41B20.25B19.89B19.28B18.13B18B
Long-Term Debt6.5B10.36B14.76B15.81B14.69B14.35B14.14B13.8B13.46B
Capital Lease Obligations001.42B1.95B2.41B2.22B2.05B1.98B0
Deferred Tax Liabilities000000000
Other Non-Current Liabilities3.47B3.89B3.36B2.65B3.14B3.31B3.09B2.35B4.54B
Total Liabilities15.43B20.74B26.39B28.22B28.74B27.82B28.14B28.89B28.98B
Total Debt6.5B10.36B16.37B18.51B18.12B16.93B16.97B17.99B14.46B
Net Debt3.68B6.57B11.35B10.31B12.09B11.78B9.86B10.19B5.43B
Debt / Equity1.81x1.98x2.16x1.67x1.14x0.81x0.82x0.73x0.54x
Debt / EBITDA0.91x1.12x1.37x1.19x0.97x0.85x0.79x0.69x0.48x
Net Debt / EBITDA0.52x0.71x0.95x0.66x0.65x0.59x0.46x0.39x0.18x
Interest Coverage2.37x3.82x4.16x3.31x8.09x7.98x9.29x14.49x17.16x
Total Equity
3.58B▲ 0%
5.24B▲ 46.3%
7.58B▲ 44.7%
11.07B▲ 45.9%
15.85B▲ 43.2%
20.78B▲ 31.1%
20.59B▼ 0.9%
24.74B▲ 20.2%
26.62B▲ 7.6%
Equity Growth %33.66%46.25%44.73%45.94%43.23%31.09%-0.91%20.18%7.57%
Book Value per Share0.801.161.682.443.484.604.585.636.17
Total Shareholders' Equity3.58B5.24B7.58B11.07B15.85B20.78B20.59B24.74B26.62B
Common Stock1.87B2.32B2.79B3.45B4.02B4.64B5.15B6.25B7.29B
Retained Earnings1.73B2.94B4.81B7.57B12.69B17.18B22.59B31.3B42.28B
Treasury Stock0000-824.19M-824.19M-6.92B-13.17B-22.37B
Accumulated OCI-20.56M-19.58M-23.52M44.4M-40.49M-217.31M-223.94M362.16M-580.38M
Minority Interest000000000

NFLX Cash Flow Statement

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) cash flow — operating, investing & free cash flow history

Line itemDec'17Dec'18Dec'19Dec'20Dec'21Dec'22Dec'23Dec'24Dec'25
Cash from Operations-1.79B-2.68B-2.89B2.43B392.61M2.03B7.27B7.36B10.15B
Operating CF Margin %-15.27%-16.97%-14.32%9.71%1.32%6.41%21.57%18.87%22.46%
Operating CF Growth %-21.16%-50.09%-7.72%184.06%-83.82%416.1%259%1.2%37.87%
Net Income558.93M1.21B1.87B2.76B5.12B4.49B5.41B8.71B10.98B
Depreciation & Amortization6.33B7.66B9.32B10.92B12.44B14.36B14.55B15.63B16.76B
Stock-Based Compensation182.21M320.66M405.38M415.18M403.22M575.45M339.37M272.59M368.45M
Deferred Taxes-208.69M-85.52M-94.44M70.07M199.55M-166.55M-459.36M-590.7M-442.06M
Other Non-Cash Items-8.71B-12.08B-14.43B-11.71B-17.52B-16.48B-12.45B-16.63B-17.06B
Working Capital Changes58.98M293.77M43.04M-31.87M-241.98M-758.09M-116.15M-33.08M-456.22M
Change in Receivables000000000
Change in Inventory000000000
Change in Payables74.56M199.2M96.06M-41.6M145.12M-158.54M93.5M121.35M-8.04M
Cash from Investing34.33M-339.12M-387.06M-505.35M-1.34B-2.08B541.75M-2.18B1.04B
Capital Expenditures-227.02M-212.53M-253.03M-497.92M-524.59M-407.73M-348.55M-439.54M-688.22M
CapEx % of Revenue1.94%1.35%1.26%1.99%1.77%1.29%1.03%1.13%1.52%
Acquisitions-53.72M000-788.35M-757.39M000
Investments---------
Other Investing47.03M-126.59M-134.03M-7.43M-26.92M-757.39M00-17.19M
Cash from Financing3.08B4.05B4.51B1.24B-1.15B-664.25M-5.95B-4.07B-10.35B
Debt Issued (Net)3.02B3.96B4.47B1.01B-500M-700M01.39B0
Equity Issued (Net)1000K1000K1000K1000K-1000K1000K-1000K-1000K-1000K
Dividends Paid000000000
Share Repurchases0000-600.02M0-6.05B-6.26B-9.13B
Other Financing-31.9M-37.83M-36.13M-7.56M-224.17M0-75.45M-38.03M-1.89B
Net Change in Cash
1.36B▲ 0%
989.25M▼ 27.0%
1.23B▲ 24.5%
3.2B▲ 159.4%
-2.18B▼ 168.3%
-884.53M▲ 59.5%
1.95B▲ 320.2%
688.82M▼ 64.6%
1.23B▲ 78.8%
Free Cash Flow
-2.01B▲ 0%
-2.89B▼ 43.7%
-3.14B▼ 8.5%
1.93B▲ 161.4%
-131.97M▼ 106.8%
1.62B▲ 1326.4%
6.93B▲ 327.9%
6.92B▼ 0.1%
9.46B▲ 36.7%
FCF Margin %-17.22%-18.32%-15.58%7.72%-0.44%5.12%20.54%17.75%20.94%
FCF Growth %-21.35%-43.72%-8.55%161.43%-106.84%1326.39%327.9%-0.06%36.68%
FCF per Share-0.45-0.64-0.700.42-0.030.361.541.582.19
FCF Conversion (FCF/Net Income)-3.20x-2.21x-1.55x0.88x0.08x0.45x1.35x0.85x0.92x
Interest Paid213.31M375.83M599.13M762.9M763.43M701.69M684.5M674.5M0
Taxes Paid113.59M131.07M400.66M291.58M509.26M811.72M1.15B1.64B0

NFLX Key Ratios

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) financial ratios — P/E, ROE, debt and 30+ core market and balance-sheet ratios

Metric2016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Return on Equity (ROE)7.61%17.85%27.46%29.12%29.62%38.02%24.53%26.15%38.43%42.76%
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)7.74%10.63%12.63%12.71%17.06%18.84%13.97%16.56%23.9%29.85%
Gross Margin31.72%34.49%36.89%38.28%38.89%41.64%39.37%41.54%46.06%48.49%
Net Margin2.11%4.78%7.67%9.26%11.05%17.23%14.21%16.04%22.34%24.3%
Debt / Equity1.26x1.81x1.98x2.16x1.67x1.14x0.81x0.82x0.73x0.54x
Interest Coverage2.53x2.37x3.82x4.16x3.31x8.09x7.98x9.29x14.49x17.16x
FCF Conversion-7.90x-3.20x-2.21x-1.55x0.88x0.08x0.45x1.35x0.85x0.92x
Revenue Growth30.26%32.41%35.08%27.62%24.01%18.81%6.46%6.67%15.65%15.85%

NFLX SEC Filings & Documents

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) SEC filings — annual & quarterly reports (10-K, 10-Q)

8-K Announcements

6
Material company update

Apr 16, 2026·SEC

Material company update

Feb 27, 2026·SEC

Material company update

Jan 20, 2026·SEC

10-K Annual Reports

1
FY 2026

Jan 23, 2026·SEC

10-Q Quarterly Reports

3
FY 2026

Apr 17, 2026·SEC

FY 2025

Oct 22, 2025·SEC

FY 2025

Jul 18, 2025·SEC

NFLX Frequently Asked Questions

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) stock FAQ — growth, dividends, profitability & financials explained

Growth & Financials

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) reported $45.18B in revenue for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 59420% increase from $75.9M in 2001.

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) grew revenue by 15.9% over the past year. This is strong growth.

Yes, Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) is profitable, generating $10.98B in net income for fiscal year 2025 (24.3% net margin).

Dividend & Returns

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) has a return on equity (ROE) of 42.8%. This is excellent, indicating efficient use of shareholder capital.

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) generated $9.46B in free cash flow for fiscal year 2025. Positive FCF indicates the company can fund dividends, buybacks, or reinvestment.

Explore More NFLX

Netflix, Inc. (NFLX) financial analysis — history, returns, DCA and operating performance tools

Full NFLX Stock Analysis

Analyst verdict, bull/bear case, risk factors and peer comparison

→

Total Return Calculator

Historical returns with dividends reinvested

→

DCA Calculator

Dollar cost averaging vs lump sum

→

Dividend History

Yield, growth, payout safety & DRIP

→

Earnings History

EPS trends, net income & profitability

→

Price History

Long-term charts & historical price data

→

Revenue History

Sales growth patterns & revenue breakdown

→

Financial Ratios

30 years of market, efficiency and balance-sheet ratios

→

Valuation

DCF intrinsic value, peer multiples & estimates

→
VCP ScannerFree US Stock Screener & Financial Analysis

Find stocks. Verify deeply. Act with conviction.

Patterns find ideas. Fundamentals build conviction.

Data updated daily

Quick Links

  • Home
  • Screener
  • Themes
  • Market Valuation
  • Valuation
  • Compare
  • Total Return
  • DCA Calculator
  • News
  • Insights
  • Methodology
  • How It Works
  • Profile

Popular Screens

  • VCP Hot
  • VCP Warm
  • Value Screens
  • Growth Screens
  • Momentum Screens
  • Technical Screens
  • Quality Screens

Community

  • Follow @VCPScanner on X

Get weekly stock ideas — free

© 2026 VCP Scanner. All rights reserved.
About·Privacy Policy·Terms of Service
Not financial advice. Do your own research.