No significant weaknesses identified
| Name | Market Cap | Current Price | P/E Ratio | Revenue Growth 1Y | Net Margin | ROE | FCF Yield | Debt/Equity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WHDCactus, Inc. | 3.53B | 51.28 | 18.51 | 3% | 15.86% | 12.41% | 7.85% | 0.03 |
| NCSMNCS Multistage Holdings, Inc. | 99.78M | 39.27 | 15.40 | 14.1% | 6.89% | 9.64% | 11.44% | 0.13 |
| TSTenaris S.A. | 20.4B | 40.40 | 5.58 | -15.77% | 16.91% | 11.58% | 10.6% | 0.03 |
| OMSEOMS Energy Technologies Inc. | 197.81M | 4.66 | 4.40 | 108.91% | 22.01% | 53.12% | 19.03% | 0.05 |
| NINENine Energy Service, Inc. | 17.99M | 0.42 | -0.37 | -9.09% | -7.17% | |||
| BOOMDMC Global Inc. | 152.58M | 7.41 | -0.90 | -10.61% | -1.11% | -1.56% | 19.21% | 0.27 |
| OISOil States International, Inc. | 470.2M | 7.87 | -43.72 | -11.47% | 3.65% | 3.48% | 1.78% | 0.22 |
| Dec 2015 | Dec 2016 | Dec 2017 | Dec 2018 | Dec 2019 | Dec 2020 | Dec 2021 | Dec 2022 | Dec 2023 | Dec 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sales/Revenue | 221.4M | 155.05M | 341.19M | 544.13M | 628.41M | 348.57M | 438.59M | 688.37M | 1.1B | 1.13B |
| Revenue Growth % | - | -0.3% | 1.2% | 0.59% | 0.15% | -0.45% | 0.26% | 0.57% | 0.59% | 0.03% |
| Cost of Goods Sold | 157.06M | 125.23M | 225.15M | 325.9M | 393.61M | 236.95M | 317.14M | 445.92M | 690.67M | 693.42M |
| COGS % of Revenue | 0.71% | 0.81% | 0.66% | 0.6% | 0.63% | 0.68% | 0.72% | 0.65% | 0.63% | 0.61% |
| Gross Profit | 64.34M | 29.82M | 116.04M | 218.23M | 234.81M | 111.62M | 121.45M | 242.45M | 406.29M | 436.39M |
| Gross Margin % | 0.29% | 0.19% | 0.34% | 0.4% | 0.37% | 0.32% | 0.28% | 0.35% | 0.37% | 0.39% |
| Gross Profit Growth % | - | -0.54% | 2.89% | 0.88% | 0.08% | -0.52% | 0.09% | 1% | 0.68% | 0.07% |
| Operating Expenses | 22.14M | 19.21M | 27.18M | 40.53M | 51.66M | 41.58M | 46.02M | 67.7M | 141.93M | 146.78M |
| OpEx % of Revenue | 0.1% | 0.12% | 0.08% | 0.07% | 0.08% | 0.12% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.13% | 0.13% |
| Selling, General & Admin | 22.14M | 19.21M | 27.18M | 40.53M | 51.66M | 39.72M | 46.02M | 67.7M | 127.08M | 130.46M |
| SG&A % of Revenue | 0.1% | 0.12% | 0.08% | 0.07% | 0.08% | 0.11% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.12% | 0.12% |
| Research & Development | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| R&D % of Revenue | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Operating Expenses | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.86M | 0 | 0 | 14.85M | 16.32M |
| Operating Income | 42.2M | 10.62M | 88.86M | 177.7M | 183.15M | 70.04M | 75.43M | 174.75M | 264.37M | 289.61M |
| Operating Margin % | 0.19% | 0.07% | 0.26% | 0.33% | 0.29% | 0.2% | 0.17% | 0.25% | 0.24% | 0.26% |
| Operating Income Growth % | - | -0.75% | 7.37% | 1% | 0.03% | -0.62% | 0.08% | 1.32% | 0.51% | 0.1% |
| EBITDA | 62.78M | 31.86M | 112.13M | 207.85M | 222M | 110.56M | 111.73M | 208.87M | 329.41M | 350.05M |
| EBITDA Margin % | 0.28% | 0.21% | 0.33% | 0.38% | 0.35% | 0.32% | 0.25% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.31% |
| EBITDA Growth % | - | -0.49% | 2.52% | 0.85% | 0.07% | -0.5% | 0.01% | 0.87% | 0.58% | 0.06% |
| D&A (Non-Cash Add-back) | 20.58M | 21.24M | 23.27M | 30.15M | 38.85M | 40.52M | 36.31M | 34.12M | 65.05M | 60.44M |
| EBIT | 43.6M | 12.85M | 88.79M | 173.48M | 189.51M | 71.14M | 75.98M | 177.45M | 267.3M | 301.55M |
| Net Interest Income | -21.84M | -20.23M | -20.77M | -3.6M | 879K | 701K | -774K | 3.71M | -6.48M | 6.46M |
| Interest Income | 11K | 2K | 0 | 128K | 2.4M | 1.83M | 353K | 4.94M | 3.76M | 10.28M |
| Interest Expense | 21.85M | 20.23M | 20.77M | 3.72M | 1.52M | 1.13M | 1.13M | 1.23M | 10.24M | 3.82M |
| Other Income/Expense | -20.2M | -17.98M | -20.77M | -7.9M | 5.17M | 146K | -282K | 1.8M | -1.99M | 9.66M |
| Pretax Income | 22.01M | -7.37M | 68.1M | 169.8M | 188.32M | 70.19M | 75.14M | 176.55M | 262.38M | 299.28M |
| Pretax Margin % | 0.1% | -0.05% | 0.2% | 0.31% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.17% | 0.26% | 0.24% | 0.26% |
| Income Tax | 784K | 809K | 1.55M | 19.52M | 32.02M | 10.97M | 7.67M | 31.43M | 47.54M | 66.52M |
| Effective Tax Rate % | 0.96% | 1.11% | 0.98% | 0.38% | 0.45% | 0.49% | 0.66% | 0.62% | 0.64% | 0.62% |
| Net Income | 21.22M | -8.18M | 66.55M | 65.33M | 85.61M | 34.45M | 49.59M | 110.17M | 169.17M | 185.41M |
| Net Margin % | 0.1% | -0.05% | 0.2% | 0.12% | 0.14% | 0.1% | 0.11% | 0.16% | 0.15% | 0.16% |
| Net Income Growth % | - | -1.39% | 9.14% | -0.02% | 0.31% | -0.6% | 0.44% | 1.22% | 0.54% | 0.1% |
| Net Income (Continuing) | 21.22M | -8.18M | 66.55M | 150.28M | 156.3M | 59.22M | 67.47M | 145.12M | 214.84M | 232.76M |
| Discontinued Operations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 184.67M | 188.93M | 197.8M | 126.39M | 138.53M | 199.25M | 193.06M |
| EPS (Diluted) | 581.48 | -0.76 | 3.11 | 2.00 | 2.07 | 0.72 | 0.83 | 1.80 | 2.57 | 2.77 |
| EPS Growth % | - | -1% | 5.09% | -0.36% | 0.04% | -0.65% | 0.15% | 1.17% | 0.43% | 0.08% |
| EPS (Basic) | 581.48 | -0.76 | 3.11 | 2.02 | 3.47 | 1.25 | 1.22 | 1.83 | 2.62 | 2.79 |
| Diluted Shares Outstanding | 36.5K | 10.73M | 21.43M | 32.7M | 75.35M | 75.5M | 76.11M | 76.34M | 79.46M | 79.92M |
| Basic Shares Outstanding | 36.5K | 10.73M | 21.43M | 32.33M | 44.98M | 47.46M | 55.4M | 60.32M | 64.64M | 66.39M |
| Dividend Payout Ratio | 0.58% | - | - | 0.49% | 0.05% | 0.5% | 0.43% | 0.24% | 0.18% | 0.18% |
| Dec 2015 | Dec 2016 | Dec 2017 | Dec 2018 | Dec 2019 | Dec 2020 | Dec 2021 | Dec 2022 | Dec 2023 | Dec 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Current Assets | 93.4M | 82.59M | 163.93M | 274.5M | 414.88M | 425.14M | 518.49M | 654.64M | 556.18M | 774.69M |
| Cash & Short-Term Investments | 12.53M | 8.69M | 7.57M | 70.84M | 202.6M | 288.66M | 301.67M | 344.53M | 133.79M | 342.84M |
| Cash Only | 12.53M | 8.69M | 7.57M | 70.84M | 202.6M | 288.66M | 301.67M | 344.53M | 133.79M | 342.84M |
| Short-Term Investments | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Accounts Receivable | 32.44M | 32.29M | 84.17M | 92.27M | 87.86M | 44.07M | 89.2M | 138.27M | 205.38M | 191.63M |
| Days Sales Outstanding | 53.49 | 76.01 | 90.05 | 61.89 | 51.03 | 46.15 | 74.24 | 73.32 | 68.34 | 61.91 |
| Inventory | 43.61M | 37.9M | 64.45M | 99.84M | 113.37M | 87.48M | 119.82M | 161.28M | 205.63M | 226.8M |
| Days Inventory Outstanding | 101.35 | 110.47 | 104.48 | 111.81 | 105.13 | 134.76 | 137.9 | 132.02 | 108.67 | 119.38 |
| Other Current Assets | 0 | 0 | 7.73M | 0 | 0 | 4.93M | 0 | 10.56M | 11.38M | 13.42M |
| Total Non-Current Assets | 84.16M | 82.74M | 102.53M | 310.24M | 420.08M | 390.45M | 463.59M | 464.25M | 966.38M | 964.64M |
| Property, Plant & Equipment | 76.33M | 74.87M | 94.65M | 142.05M | 188.31M | 164.82M | 151.66M | 153.18M | 369M | 370.1M |
| Fixed Asset Turnover | 2.90x | 2.07x | 3.60x | 3.83x | 3.34x | 2.11x | 2.89x | 4.49x | 2.97x | 3.05x |
| Goodwill | 7.82M | 7.82M | 7.82M | 7.82M | 7.82M | 7.82M | 7.82M | 7.82M | 203.03M | 203.03M |
| Intangible Assets | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 179.98M | 163.99M |
| Long-Term Investments | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Non-Current Assets | 0 | 44K | 49K | 1.31M | 1.4M | 1.21M | 1.04M | 1.6M | 9.53M | 8.52M |
| Total Assets | 177.56M | 165.33M | 266.46M | 584.74M | 834.96M | 815.59M | 982.08M | 1.12B | 1.52B | 1.74B |
| Asset Turnover | 1.25x | 0.94x | 1.28x | 0.93x | 0.75x | 0.43x | 0.45x | 0.62x | 0.72x | 0.65x |
| Asset Growth % | - | -0.07% | 0.61% | 1.19% | 0.43% | -0.02% | 0.2% | 0.14% | 0.36% | 0.14% |
| Total Current Liabilities | 19.63M | 24.13M | 52.87M | 74.62M | 91.13M | 48.91M | 92.57M | 116.65M | 175.66M | 178.82M |
| Accounts Payable | 8.85M | 14M | 35.08M | 42.05M | 40.96M | 20.16M | 42.82M | 47.78M | 71.84M | 72M |
| Days Payables Outstanding | 20.57 | 40.81 | 56.87 | 47.09 | 37.98 | 31.06 | 49.28 | 39.11 | 37.97 | 37.9 |
| Short-Term Debt | 2.65M | 2.57M | 7.24M | 7.35M | 0 | 8.07M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Deferred Revenue (Current) | 1000K | 565K | 765K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K | 1000K |
| Other Current Liabilities | 4.69M | 7.41M | 2.19M | 8.92M | 600K | 13.07M | 269K | 576K | 20.81M | 0 |
| Current Ratio | 4.76x | 3.42x | 3.10x | 3.68x | 4.55x | 8.69x | 5.60x | 5.61x | 3.17x | 4.33x |
| Quick Ratio | 2.54x | 1.85x | 1.88x | 2.34x | 3.31x | 6.90x | 4.31x | 4.23x | 2.00x | 3.06x |
| Cash Conversion Cycle | 134.27 | 145.67 | 137.66 | 126.62 | 118.19 | 149.84 | 162.86 | 166.22 | 139.04 | 143.39 |
| Total Non-Current Liabilities | 251.09M | 244.51M | 249.8M | 147.79M | 227.44M | 215.91M | 294.47M | 291.8M | 282.13M | 296.32M |
| Long-Term Debt | 250.56M | 242.25M | 241.44M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Capital Lease Obligations | 0 | 2.06M | 7.95M | 8.74M | 24.19M | 20.06M | 23.46M | 24.81M | 28.47M | 30.61M |
| Deferred Tax Liabilities | 64K | 196K | 416K | 139.05M | 1.35M | 786K | 1.17M | 1.97M | 3.59M | 2.87M |
| Other Non-Current Liabilities | 474K | 0 | 0 | 138.01M | 201.9M | 195.06M | 269.84M | 265.02M | 250.07M | 262.85M |
| Total Liabilities | 270.73M | 268.65M | 302.67M | 222.42M | 318.57M | 264.82M | 387.05M | 408.45M | 457.79M | 475.15M |
| Total Debt | 253.2M | 248.02M | 256.62M | 16.09M | 37.66M | 28.13M | 33.21M | 35.52M | 39.97M | 41.72M |
| Net Debt | 240.68M | 239.33M | 249.04M | -54.75M | -164.94M | -260.53M | -268.46M | -309.01M | -93.82M | -301.13M |
| Debt / Equity | - | - | - | 0.03x | 0.07x | 0.05x | 0.06x | 0.05x | 0.04x | 0.03x |
| Debt / EBITDA | 4.03x | 7.79x | 2.29x | 0.08x | 0.17x | 0.25x | 0.30x | 0.17x | 0.12x | 0.12x |
| Net Debt / EBITDA | 3.83x | 7.51x | 2.22x | -0.26x | -0.74x | -2.36x | -2.40x | -1.48x | -0.28x | -0.86x |
| Interest Coverage | 1.93x | 0.52x | 4.28x | 47.73x | 120.18x | 62.15x | 66.93x | 142.30x | 25.83x | 75.74x |
| Total Equity | -93.17M | -103.32M | -36.22M | 547M | 516.39M | 550.77M | 595.03M | 710.45M | 1.06B | 1.26B |
| Equity Growth % | - | -0.11% | 0.65% | 16.1% | -0.06% | 0.07% | 0.08% | 0.19% | 0.5% | 0.19% |
| Book Value per Share | -2552.52 | -9.63 | -1.69 | 16.73 | 6.85 | 7.30 | 7.82 | 9.31 | 13.40 | 15.82 |
| Total Shareholders' Equity | -93.17M | -103.32M | -36.22M | 362.33M | 327.47M | 352.97M | 468.64M | 571.92M | 865.52M | 1.07B |
| Common Stock | 0 | 0 | 0 | 377K | 472K | 477K | 590K | 609K | 654K | 681K |
| Retained Earnings | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51.68M | 132.99M | 150.09M | 178.45M | 261.76M | 400.68M | 552.13M |
| Treasury Stock | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Accumulated OCI | -191K | -475K | 82K | -820K | -452K | 330K | 8K | -984K | -826K | -2.49M |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 184.67M | 188.93M | 197.8M | 126.39M | 138.53M | 199.25M | 193.06M |
| Dec 2015 | Dec 2016 | Dec 2017 | Dec 2018 | Dec 2019 | Dec 2020 | Dec 2021 | Dec 2022 | Dec 2023 | Dec 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cash from Operations | 45.93M | 23.98M | 34.71M | 167.18M | 209.63M | 143.38M | 63.76M | 117.88M | 340.28M | 316.11M |
| Operating CF Margin % | 0.21% | 0.15% | 0.1% | 0.31% | 0.33% | 0.41% | 0.15% | 0.17% | 0.31% | 0.28% |
| Operating CF Growth % | - | -0.48% | 0.45% | 3.82% | 0.25% | -0.32% | -0.56% | 0.85% | 1.89% | -0.07% |
| Net Income | 21.22M | -8.18M | 66.55M | 150.28M | 156.3M | 59.22M | 67.47M | 145.12M | 169.17M | 232.76M |
| Depreciation & Amortization | 20.58M | 21.24M | 23.27M | 30.15M | 38.85M | 40.52M | 36.31M | 34.12M | 65.05M | 60.44M |
| Stock-Based Compensation | 359K | 361K | 361K | 4.7M | 7M | 8.6M | 8.62M | 10.63M | 18.11M | 22.89M |
| Deferred Taxes | 64K | 132K | 220K | 15.2M | 25.4M | 6.95M | 4.83M | 25.3M | 17.34M | 19.77M |
| Other Non-Cash Items | 3.27M | 1.97M | 3.08M | 6.92M | -11.36M | -10.78M | -8.01M | -7.84M | 65.35M | 17.43M |
| Working Capital Changes | 432K | 8.45M | -58.78M | -40.08M | -6.56M | 38.88M | -45.45M | -89.45M | 5.27M | -37.18M |
| Change in Receivables | 12.83M | 509K | -50.09M | -8.11M | 4.2M | 44.83M | -45.49M | -49.35M | -11.86M | 13.05M |
| Change in Inventory | 10.56M | 4.13M | -28.28M | -38.23M | -17.59M | 18.2M | -36.08M | -44.89M | 41.92M | 3.84M |
| Change in Payables | -18.7M | 5.01M | 19.5M | 7.65M | -607K | -19.43M | 22.28M | 5.8M | 8.71M | 675K |
| Cash from Investing | -23.42M | -17.36M | -30.68M | -68.15M | -55.95M | -18.15M | -11.63M | -25.54M | -654.79M | -35.39M |
| Capital Expenditures | -25.28M | -21.72M | -32.08M | -70.05M | -59.7M | -24.49M | -13.94M | -28.29M | -43.98M | 0 |
| CapEx % of Revenue | 0.11% | 0.14% | 0.09% | 0.13% | 0.1% | 0.07% | 0.03% | 0.04% | 0.04% | 0.03% |
| Acquisitions | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Investments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Investing | 1.86M | 4.36M | 1.4M | 1.9M | 3.75M | 0 | 2.31M | 0 | 5.37M | -35.39M |
| Cash from Financing | -22.78M | -10.17M | -5.31M | -35M | -21.67M | -40.21M | -39.39M | -47.38M | 103.28M | -70.14M |
| Debt Issued (Net) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Equity Issued (Net) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Dividends Paid | -12.23M | -2.06M | 0 | -31.85M | -4.24M | -17.14M | -21.16M | -26.72M | -30.12M | -33.68M |
| Share Repurchases | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Financing | -19K | 0 | 0 | -608.37M | -8.39M | -16.3M | -9.74M | -10.04M | -23.58M | -19.25M |
| Net Change in Cash | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Free Cash Flow | 20.65M | 2.25M | 2.63M | 97.13M | 149.93M | 118.89M | 49.82M | 89.59M | 296.3M | 276.94M |
| FCF Margin % | 0.09% | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.18% | 0.24% | 0.34% | 0.11% | 0.13% | 0.27% | 0.25% |
| FCF Growth % | - | -0.89% | 0.16% | 36% | 0.54% | -0.21% | -0.58% | 0.8% | 2.31% | -0.07% |
| FCF per Share | 565.64 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 2.97 | 1.99 | 1.57 | 0.65 | 1.17 | 3.73 | 3.47 |
| FCF Conversion (FCF/Net Income) | 2.16x | -2.93x | 0.52x | 2.56x | 2.45x | 4.16x | 1.29x | 1.07x | 2.01x | 1.70x |
| Interest Paid | 21.39M | 19.95M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 959K | 1.06M | 5.63M | 2.7M |
| Taxes Paid | 370K | 583K | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.54M | 5.5M | 26M | 24.8M |
| Metric | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Return on Equity (ROE) | - | - | - | 25.58% | 16.1% | 6.46% | 8.66% | 16.88% | 19.06% | 15.92% |
| Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) | 21.46% | 5.62% | 38.21% | 37.8% | 32.56% | 16.37% | 18.34% | 36.01% | 28.89% | 22.46% |
| Gross Margin | 29.06% | 19.23% | 34.01% | 40.11% | 37.36% | 32.02% | 27.69% | 35.22% | 37.04% | 38.63% |
| Net Margin | 9.59% | -5.27% | 19.5% | 12.01% | 13.62% | 9.88% | 11.31% | 16.01% | 15.42% | 16.41% |
| Debt / Equity | - | - | - | 0.03x | 0.07x | 0.05x | 0.06x | 0.05x | 0.04x | 0.03x |
| Interest Coverage | 1.93x | 0.52x | 4.28x | 47.73x | 120.18x | 62.15x | 66.93x | 142.30x | 25.83x | 75.74x |
| FCF Conversion | 2.16x | -2.93x | 0.52x | 2.56x | 2.45x | 4.16x | 1.29x | 1.07x | 2.01x | 1.70x |
| Revenue Growth | - | -29.97% | 120.06% | 59.48% | 15.49% | -44.53% | 25.83% | 56.95% | 59.36% | 3% |
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product | 290.5M | 357.09M | 206.8M | 280.91M | 452.62M | 810.38M | 852.26M |
| Product Growth | - | 22.92% | -42.09% | 35.83% | 61.13% | 79.04% | 5.17% |
| Product and Service, Other | - | - | 75.6M | 96.05M | 135.3M | 172.95M | 175.76M |
| Product and Service, Other Growth | - | - | - | 27.06% | 40.86% | 27.83% | 1.63% |
| Rental Revenue | 133.42M | 141.82M | 66.17M | 61.63M | 100.45M | 113.63M | 101.78M |
| Rental Revenue Growth | - | 6.29% | -53.34% | -6.86% | 63.00% | 13.12% | -10.42% |
| Product And Service Other | 120.22M | 129.51M | - | - | - | - | - |
| Product And Service Other Growth | - | 7.73% | - | - | - | - | - |
Cactus, Inc. (WHD) has a price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of 18.5x. This is roughly in line with market averages.
Cactus, Inc. (WHD) reported $1.09B in revenue for fiscal year 2024. This represents a 392% increase from $221.4M in 2015.
Cactus, Inc. (WHD) grew revenue by 3.0% over the past year. Growth has been modest.
Yes, Cactus, Inc. (WHD) is profitable, generating $172.9M in net income for fiscal year 2024 (16.4% net margin).
Yes, Cactus, Inc. (WHD) pays a dividend with a yield of 0.82%. This makes it attractive for income-focused investors.
Cactus, Inc. (WHD) has a return on equity (ROE) of 15.9%. This is reasonable for most industries.
Cactus, Inc. (WHD) generated $208.3M in free cash flow for fiscal year 2024. Positive FCF indicates the company can fund dividends, buybacks, or reinvestment.