The company maintains a pristine financial position with total debt reduced to $21.5M in 2026Q2, resulting in a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.00.
| Metric | TTM | Jun'25 | Jun'24 | Jun'23 | Jun'22 | Jun'21 | Jun'20 | Jun'19 | Jun'18 | Jun'17 | Jun'16 | Jun'15 | Jun'14 | Jun'13 | Jun'12 | Jun'11 | Jun'10 | Jun'09 | Jun'08 | Jun'07 | Jun'06 | Jun'05 | Jun'04 | Jun'03 | Jun'02 | Jun'01 | Jun'00 | Jun'99 | Jun'98 | Jun'97 |
|---|
| Total Current Assets | 2.95B | 2.28B | 1.49B | 3.21B | 3.08B | 2.67B | 2.19B | 656.1M | 626.3M | 548.3M | 600.7M | 609M | 470.4M | 604.85M | 470.69M | 510.01M | 409.4M | 550.52M | 1.19B | 883.49M | 809.46M | 394.33M | 391.97M | 685.66M | 549.62M | 414.54M | 420.75M | 188.24M | 133.71M | 31.29M |
| Cash & Short-Term Investments | 1.73B | 1.31B | 521.5M | 2.46B | 2.51B | 2.18B | 1.72B | 279.5M | 302.1M | 253.7M | 351.8M | 324.4M | 208.93M | 377.17M | 298.51M | 259.11M | 188.2M | 368.56M | 845.85M | 136.38M | 392.44M | 241.2M | 137.79M | 332.51M | 246.87M | 113.92M | 101.45M | 82.65M | 72.45M | 5.9M |
| Cash Only | 1.73B | 1.31B | 521.5M | 2.46B | 2.51B | 2.18B | 1.72B | 279.5M | 302.1M | 253.7M | 351.8M | 324.4M | 208.93M | 377.17M | 298.51M | 259.11M | 188.2M | 353.56M | 845.85M | 136.38M | 392.44M | 241.2M | 137.79M | 332.51M | 246.87M | 113.92M | 101.45M | 82.65M | 72.45M | 5.9M |
| Short-Term Investments | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Accounts Receivable | 706.91M | 329.6M | 353M | 130.1M | 142.9M | 135.3M | 126.2M | 66.5M | 79M | 111.3M | 65.29M | 36.54M | 52.25M | 88.42M | 31.47M | 117.83M | 65.62M | 87.96M | 240.13M | 42.69M | 77.6M | 40.29M | 119.75M | 172.9M | 126.4M | 125.07M | 138.5M | 61.54M | 24.15M | 18.59M |
| Days Sales Outstanding | 10.75 | 15.27 | 20.65 | 8.64 | 10.19 | 9.37 | 11.01 | 8.79 | 11.58 | 17.36 | 9.79 | 6.33 | 10.54 | 15.54 | 3.82 | 16.76 | 12.03 | 16.8 | 47.55 | 9.32 | 16.16 | 12.77 | 22.42 | 31.7 | 14.67 | 21.3 | 24.9 | 20.97 | 11.64 | 24.33 |
| Inventory | 508.3M | 522.6M | 460M | 413.6M | 389.3M | 340M | 323.4M | 304.6M | 233M | 180.3M | 160.7M | 168.7M | 147.19M | 138.85M | 105.84M | 57.29M | 132.6M | 93.94M | 62.84M | 108.29M | 205.22M | 103.3M | 101.22M | 59.22M | 86.49M | 75.75M | 82.13M | 43.44M | 37.11M | 5.9M |
| Days Inventory Outstanding | 19.09 | 40.18 | 37.9 | 38.6 | 37.98 | 36.63 | 40.18 | 43.53 | 36.22 | 28.51 | 26.22 | 32.17 | 31.84 | 30.91 | 15.44 | 8.92 | 28.16 | 18.69 | 14.35 | 25.35 | 49.1 | 44.49 | 21.17 | 11.9 | 14.02 | 14.43 | 15.52 | 16.53 | 18.73 | 8.4 |
| Other Current Assets | 17 | 125.1M | 0 | 11.4M | 10.7M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22.91M | 75.75M | 8.87M | -38.94M | 0 | 1.57M | 15.69M | 70K | 39.73M | 574.24M | 127.4M | 11.93M | 33.21M | 121.03M | 89.85M | 99.8M | 98.66M | 603.32K | 0 | 907K |
| Total Non-Current Assets | 11.68B | 9.96B | 7.96B | 4.94B | 4B | 3.68B | 3.49B | 3.4B | 1.73B | 1.74B | 1.82B | 1.89B | 1.97B | 2.07B | 2.02B | 1.78B | 2.18B | 2.08B | 1.07B | 746.23M | 2.09B | 1.16B | 1.61B | 1.02B | 1.54B | 991.22M | 990.55M | 883.26M | 707.45M | 409.96M |
| Property, Plant & Equipment | 10.02B | 8.54B | 6.79B | 3.91B | 3.08B | 2.81B | 2.62B | 2.78B | 1.45B | 1.5B | 1.6B | 1.7B | 1.76B | 1.76B | 1.64B | 1.54B | 1.86B | 1.73B | 815.33M | 663.16M | 1.81B | 799.1M | 963.14M | 623.18M | 791.02M | 843.64M | 962.71M | 815.69M | 693.9M | 361.44M |
| Fixed Asset Turnover | 1.94x | 0.92x | 0.92x | 1.41x | 1.66x | 1.88x | 1.60x | 1.00x | 1.71x | 1.56x | 1.52x | 1.24x | 1.03x | 1.18x | 1.83x | 1.67x | 1.07x | 1.10x | 2.26x | 2.52x | 0.97x | 1.44x | 2.02x | 3.19x | 3.98x | 2.54x | 2.11x | 1.31x | 1.09x | 0.77x |
| Goodwill | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Intangible Assets | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66.5M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36.54M | 52.25M | 88.42M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Long-Term Investments | 3.15B | 322.5M | 180.4M | 958.3M | 862.2M | 819.3M | 821.3M | 618.6M | 253.4M | 236.5M | 211.1M | 194.1M | 117.12M | 213.81M | 341.75M | 159.31M | 48.1M | 172.68M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Non-Current Assets | 61.94M | 1.1B | 981.5M | 39.7M | 40.4M | 40.5M | 35M | -2.78B | 19.3M | 67.7M | 108.26M | -114K | 93.71M | 90.67M | 0 | 10.1M | 126.1M | 4.24M | 176.06M | 83.07M | 281.88M | 365.84M | 472.34M | 211.53M | 144.52M | 147.58M | 27.83M | 67.57M | 13.55M | 48.52M |
| Total Assets | 14.63B | 12.25B | 9.45B | 8.15B | 7.08B | 6.35B | 5.68B | 4.06B | 2.36B | 2.29B | 2.42B | 2.5B | 2.44B | 2.67B | 2.49B | 2.29B | 2.59B | 2.63B | 2.26B | 1.63B | 2.9B | 1.56B | 2B | 1.71B | 2.09B | 1.41B | 1.41B | 1.07B | 841.16M | 441.26M |
| Asset Turnover | 1.37x | 0.64x | 0.66x | 0.67x | 0.72x | 0.83x | 0.74x | 0.68x | 1.06x | 1.02x | 1.01x | 0.84x | 0.74x | 0.78x | 1.21x | 1.12x | 0.77x | 0.73x | 0.81x | 1.03x | 0.60x | 0.74x | 0.97x | 1.16x | 1.51x | 1.52x | 1.44x | 1.00x | 0.90x | 0.63x |
| Asset Growth % | 111.6% | 29.58% | 15.89% | 15.21% | 11.5% | 11.86% | 39.78% | 72% | 3.19% | -5.44% | -3.36% | 2.55% | -8.63% | 7.18% | 8.9% | -11.55% | -1.46% | 16.09% | 38.78% | -43.86% | 86.18% | -22.13% | 17.13% | -18.04% | 48.39% | -0.39% | 31.71% | 27.38% | 90.63% | - |
| Total Current Liabilities | 978.44M | 1B | 953.5M | 718.7M | 625.5M | 531.5M | 745.9M | 458.2M | 320.6M | 256.9M | 313.5M | 303.7M | 307.47M | 245.8M | 261.04M | 410.05M | 276.5M | 325.99M | 427.25M | 1.36B | 1.13B | 328.82M | 527.79M | 667.55M | 649.41M | 690.2M | 688.52M | 207.54M | 144.91M | 76.64M |
| Accounts Payable | 925.39M | 954.4M | 917.4M | 525.1M | 429.1M | 352.9M | 348M | 324.4M | 227M | 135.6M | 167.9M | 258.35M | 211.79M | 217.29M | 227.51M | 330.47M | 268.83M | 322.14M | 384.99M | 256.7M | 301M | 147.14M | 375.29M | 373.98M | 375.19M | 352.12M | 457.68M | 177.98M | 134.89M | 71.2M |
| Days Payables Outstanding | 32.98 | 73.37 | 75.59 | 49.01 | 41.86 | 38.02 | 43.23 | 46.36 | 35.29 | 21.45 | 27.4 | 49.26 | 45.82 | 48.38 | 33.19 | 51.47 | 57.09 | 64.11 | 87.94 | 60.09 | 72.02 | 63.38 | 78.5 | 75.16 | 60.81 | 67.07 | 86.49 | 67.72 | 68.07 | 101.42 |
| Short-Term Debt | 6.09M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23.1M | 73.19M | 24.29M | 30.69M | 79.34M | 0 | 2.92M | 523.27K | 904.43M | 546.35M | 9.16M | 68.38M | 171.89M | 170.74M | 28.13M | 13.89M | 10.86M | 7.07M | 13.61M |
| Deferred Revenue (Current) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -19.5M | 0 | -140.9M | -105.8M | 0 | 0 | 6.6M | 2.6M | 1.96M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65.33M | 75.4M | 0 | 60.34M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Current Liabilities | 17 | 39.4M | 29.2M | 300K | 27.3M | 0 | 170.3M | 4.3M | 4.2M | 70.5M | 76M | 17.61M | 20.53M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41.74M | 148.47M | 211.65M | 100.16M | 23.78M | 121.68M | 103.48M | 309.95M | 216.94M | 18.7M | 2.95M | -8.16M |
| Current Ratio | 3.01x | 2.28x | 1.57x | 4.47x | 4.92x | 5.03x | 2.94x | 1.43x | 1.95x | 2.13x | 1.92x | 2.01x | 1.53x | 2.46x | 1.80x | 1.24x | 1.48x | 1.69x | 2.78x | 0.65x | 0.71x | 1.20x | 0.74x | 1.03x | 0.85x | 0.60x | 0.61x | 0.91x | 0.92x | 0.41x |
| Quick Ratio | 2.49x | 1.76x | 1.08x | 3.90x | 4.30x | 4.39x | 2.50x | 0.77x | 1.23x | 1.43x | 1.40x | 1.45x | 1.05x | 1.90x | 1.40x | 1.10x | 1.00x | 1.40x | 2.64x | 0.57x | 0.53x | 0.89x | 0.55x | 0.94x | 0.71x | 0.49x | 0.49x | 0.70x | 0.67x | 0.33x |
| Cash Conversion Cycle | -3.14 | -17.93 | -17.04 | -1.77 | 6.31 | 7.98 | 7.95 | 5.96 | 12.51 | 24.43 | 8.62 | -10.76 | -3.44 | -1.92 | -13.93 | -25.78 | -16.9 | -28.61 | -26.04 | -25.42 | -6.76 | -6.12 | -34.91 | -31.56 | -32.12 | -31.35 | -46.07 | -30.22 | -37.7 | -68.69 |
| Total Non-Current Liabilities | 2.9B | 2.36B | 1.61B | 1.16B | 1.01B | 996.1M | 889.1M | 913.2M | 772.5M | 728.1M | 766M | 669.5M | 652.06M | 777.07M | 597.33M | 659.45M | 661.1M | 715.8M | 529.48M | 333.72M | 811.89M | 609.77M | 954.45M | 1B | 1.55B | 275.81M | 280.98M | 162.9M | 138.43M | 25.4M |
| Long-Term Debt | 7.69M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75.5M | 143.33M | 0 | 40.43M | 58.98M | 65.15M | 0 | 0 | 359.13M | 359.38M | 367.38M | 472.67M | 262.56M | 58.53M | 0 | 35.6M | 0 | 0 |
| Capital Lease Obligations | 54.69M | 10M | 22.3M | 28.4M | 32.8M | 37.9M | 37M | 0 | 14.7M | 16.8M | 19.2M | 19.16M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -13.35M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Deferred Tax Liabilities | 4.5B | 0 | 958M | 560.7M | 451.9M | 377.1M | 273.1M | 193.2M | 163.7M | 140.5M | 194.7M | 147.8M | 116.08M | 100.77M | 87.03M | 122.53M | 168.1M | 194.56M | 0 | 1.92M | 94.48M | 95.69M | 272.44M | 217.46M | 274.71M | 30.56M | 70.53M | 53.7M | 51.84M | 0 |
| Other Non-Current Liabilities | 611.3M | 2.35B | 627.2M | 572.6M | 528.1M | 581.1M | 579M | 720M | 594M | 570.7M | 746.8M | 502.53M | 460.48M | 532.98M | 510.3M | 496.49M | 420.62M | 456.09M | 529.48M | 331.79M | 358.28M | 154.7M | 314.62M | 312.84M | 1.02B | 186.71M | 210.45M | 73.6M | 86.59M | 25.4M |
| Total Liabilities | 3.88B | 3.36B | 2.56B | 1.88B | 1.64B | 1.53B | 1.64B | 1.37B | 1.09B | 985M | 1.08B | 973.2M | 959.53M | 1.02B | 858.37M | 1.07B | 937.6M | 1.04B | 956.73M | 1.69B | 1.95B | 938.59M | 1.48B | 1.67B | 2.2B | 966M | 969.49M | 370.44M | 283.33M | 102.04M |
| Total Debt | 21.48M | 17.4M | 29.2M | 39.7M | 52.3M | 54.8M | 47.1M | 11M | 14.7M | 16.8M | 19.2M | 44.3M | 148.69M | 167.63M | 30.69M | 119.77M | 59M | 68.07M | 523.27K | 904.43M | 905.48M | 368.54M | 435.77M | 644.57M | 433.3M | 86.66M | 13.89M | 46.46M | 7.07M | 13.61M |
| Net Debt | -1.71B | -1.29B | -492.3M | -2.42B | -2.46B | -2.13B | -1.67B | -268.5M | -287.4M | -236.9M | -332.6M | -280.1M | -60.24M | -209.54M | -267.82M | -139.34M | -129.2M | -285.48M | -845.32M | 768.05M | 513.04M | 127.34M | 297.97M | 312.06M | 186.43M | -27.26M | -87.56M | -36.2M | -65.38M | 7.71M |
| Debt / Equity | 0.00x | 0.00x | 0.00x | 0.01x | 0.01x | 0.01x | 0.01x | 0.00x | 0.01x | 0.01x | 0.01x | 0.03x | 0.10x | 0.10x | 0.02x | 0.10x | 0.04x | 0.04x | 0.00x | - | 0.95x | 0.59x | 0.84x | 16.45x | - | 0.20x | 0.03x | 0.07x | 0.01x | 0.04x |
| Debt / EBITDA | 0.00x | 0.01x | 0.02x | 0.02x | 0.03x | 0.03x | 0.04x | 0.03x | 0.06x | 0.08x | 0.06x | 0.12x | 1.01x | 0.63x | 0.06x | - | 0.25x | 3.96x | 0.00x | - | 5.54x | 1.92x | - | 1.42x | - | - | - | 1.10x | - | - |
| Net Debt / EBITDA | -0.35x | -0.94x | -0.26x | -1.44x | -1.52x | -1.01x | -1.32x | -0.74x | -1.08x | -1.17x | -1.11x | -0.75x | -0.41x | -0.79x | -0.53x | - | -0.56x | -16.59x | -4.91x | - | 3.14x | 0.66x | - | 0.69x | - | - | - | -0.86x | - | - |
| Interest Coverage | 274.61x | - | 23.85x | 20.21x | 17.93x | 30.85x | 13.63x | 1.60x | 0.89x | -0.47x | 2.52x | 3.47x | -0.24x | 2.88x | 21.45x | -39.00x | 2.26x | -1.96x | 0.95x | -3.53x | -0.30x | 1.29x | -4.61x | - | -40.28x | -6.81x | - | - | - | -66.00x |
| Total Equity | 10.75B | 8.88B | 6.89B | 6.27B | 5.44B | 4.82B | 4.04B | 2.69B | 1.27B | 1.3B | 1.34B | 1.53B | 1.48B | 1.65B | 1.63B | 1.22B | 1.65B | 1.58B | 1.31B | -59.47M | 956.83M | 620.68M | 520.29M | 39.19M | -116.21M | 439.76M | 441.8M | 701.06M | 557.83M | 339.22M |
| Equity Growth % | 100.6% | 28.94% | 9.81% | 15.33% | 12.85% | 19.31% | 50.27% | 112.15% | -2.7% | -2.78% | -12.44% | 3.29% | -10.14% | 0.88% | 34.02% | -26.11% | 4.16% | 21.37% | 2294.3% | -106.22% | 54.16% | 19.3% | 1227.55% | 133.72% | -126.43% | -0.46% | -36.98% | 25.68% | 64.45% | - |
| Book Value per Share | 1236.69 | 102.53 | 79.58 | 72.54 | 63.18 | 55.98 | 51.55 | 39.54 | 30.03 | 30.86 | 31.73 | 39.26 | 39.06 | 43.38 | 42.47 | 31.68 | 43.37 | 42.03 | 34.71 | -1.79 | 32.12 | 24.28 | 23.85 | 2.07 | -7.11 | 28.02 | 36.41 | 119.92 | 149.12 | 288.34 |
| Total Shareholders' Equity | 10.75B | 8.88B | 6.89B | 6.27B | 5.44B | 4.82B | 4.04B | 2.69B | 1.27B | 1.3B | 1.34B | 1.53B | 1.25B | 1.43B | 1.5B | 1.25B | 1.55B | 1.48B | 1.24B | -65.66M | 736.2M | 614.83M | 514.59M | 39.19M | -116.21M | 439.76M | 439.19M | 701.06M | 557.83M | 339.22M |
| Common Stock | 0 | 8.88B | 6.89B | 6.19B | 6.21B | 6.21B | 6.16B | 5.07B | 4.18B | 4.18B | 4.18B | 4.18B | 4.09B | 4.09B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.56B | 2.97B | 2.7B | 3.64B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Retained Earnings | 0 | 0 | 697.2M | 86.2M | -733.4M | -1.34B | -2.12B | -2.84B | -2.91B | -2.88B | -2.98B | -2.79B | -3.01B | -2.89B | -2.8B | -3.09B | -2.78B | -2.97B | -3.06B | -4.62B | -3.59B | -3.12B | -2.43B | -2.55B | -3.54B | -1.29B | -1.07B | -205.13M | -156.1M | -19.95M |
| Treasury Stock | 0 | 0 | 0 | -21M | -35.6M | -51M | 0 | 0 | -50.7M | -50.7M | -50.7M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -71.15M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Accumulated OCI | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 453.6M | 0 | 0 | 140.17M | 135.83M | 172.86M | 224.94M | 0 | 203.35M | 198.87M | 347.41M | 207.87M | -335.73M | -311.09M | 170.66M | -275.47M | -392.34M | -561.17M | 133.77M | 113.9M | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 232.14M | 221.23M | 136.73M | -28.07M | 99.3M | 102.51M | 61.18M | 6.19M | 220.62M | 5.84M | 5.7M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.61M | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Environmental rehabilitation liability exposure
Based on recent financial statements, DRDGOLD has significantly strengthened its balance sheet, with total assets growing from $6.3B in 2021Q4 to $14.6B in 2026Q2, while maintaining a disciplined liability profile that suggests a robust trajectory for long-term capital preservation and operational scaling.
The consistent expansion of the asset base, particularly in net property, plant, and equipment, indicates a successful reinvestment strategy into reclamation infrastructure. This trajectory suggests that the company is effectively converting its specialized tailings processing model into tangible balance sheet growth without compromising its financial stability.
As reported in quarterly filings, DRDGOLD maintains a negligible debt profile, with total debt declining to $21.5M in 2026Q2 from $54.8M in 2021Q4, effectively resulting in a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.00, which provides the company with significant insulation against interest rate volatility.
The near-total absence of debt highlights a conservative capital structure that prioritizes solvency over financial engineering. This lack of leverage implies that the company is well-positioned to navigate cyclical gold price downturns or unexpected capital requirements without the burden of debt service obligations.
According to the latest balance sheet data, net property, plant, and equipment has surged to $10.0B in 2026Q2, representing the primary component of the company's $14.6B asset base, which underscores the capital-intensive nature of its hydraulic reclamation and tailings processing operations.
The concentration of assets in PPE reflects the necessity of maintaining extensive pipeline and pumping networks to sustain throughput. Investors should monitor whether this asset-heavy model requires increasingly frequent maintenance capital to offset the wear and tear inherent in high-volume slurry transport.
Based on reported figures, DRDGOLD's liquidity remains strong, with a current ratio of 3.01 in 2026Q2 and cash reserves of $1.7B, providing a substantial buffer that appears more than adequate to cover short-term operational costs and potential environmental remediation contingencies.
The company's ability to maintain a current ratio consistently above 2.0 over the last ten quarters suggests a high degree of liquidity management. This cash-rich position may indicate that management is prepared for significant capital outlays related to environmental compliance or future infrastructure upgrades.
While the headline balance sheet appears pristine, the lack of explicit disclosure regarding the scale of environmental rehabilitation provisions warrants caution, as these long-term liabilities could be substantial and sensitive to future regulatory changes in the South African mining sector.
The absence of clear, itemized environmental liabilities in the provided data makes it difficult to assess the true net equity position. Investors should consider that the company's 'fortress' balance sheet may be partially offset by these non-discretionary future obligations, which are inherent to the tailings reclamation business model.
Quick answers to the most common questions about buying DRD stock.
As of 2025, DRDGOLD Limited (DRD) had total assets of $12.25B including $2.28B in current assets.
DRDGOLD Limited (DRD) carries total debt of $17.4M, offset by $1.31B in cash and short-term investments. Comparing total debt to cash helps evaluate the company's debt burden and net leverage.
DRDGOLD Limited (DRD) has total shareholders' equity (book value) of $8.88B ($102.53 book value per share). Book value represents the net worth of the company belonging to common stock holders.
DRDGOLD Limited (DRD) reported a current ratio of 2.28x. A current ratio above 1.0x indicates that the company has more current assets than current liabilities, suggesting sufficient short-term liquidity.