Revenue growth decelerated to 2.3% year over year in 2026Q3 from 9.1% in 2026Q1, yet gross margin held at 45.7% as SG&A discipline (20.6% of sales versus 22.7% a year prior) kept operating margin near 22.1%.
Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. (SSD) annual income statement — 30-year revenue, gross profit & net income history
| Metric | TTM | Dec'25 | Dec'24 | Dec'23 | Dec'22 | Dec'21 | Dec'20 | Dec'19 | Dec'18 | Dec'17 | Dec'16 | Dec'15 | Dec'14 | Dec'13 | Dec'12 | Dec'11 | Dec'10 | Dec'09 | Dec'08 | Dec'07 | Dec'06 | Dec'05 | Dec'04 | Dec'03 | Dec'02 | Dec'01 | Dec'00 | Dec'99 | Dec'98 | Dec'97 | Dec'96 |
|---|
| Sales/Revenue | 2.44B | 2.33B | 2.23B | 2.21B | 2.12B | 1.57B | 1.27B | 1.14B | 1.08B | 977.02M | 860.66M | 794.06M | 752.15M | 706.33M | 657.24M | 603.45M | 555.49M | 585.07M | 756.5M | 816.99M | 863.18M | 846.26M | 698.05M | 548.18M | 465.47M | 415.86M | 369.09M | 328.4M | 279.1M | 246.1M | 202.4M |
| Revenue Growth % | 5.44% | 4.51% | 0.83% | 4.62% | 34.51% | 24.08% | 11.56% | 5.35% | 10.42% | 13.52% | 8.39% | 5.57% | 6.49% | 7.47% | 8.91% | 8.63% | -5.06% | -22.66% | -7.4% | -5.35% | 2% | 21.23% | 27.34% | 17.77% | 11.93% | 12.67% | 12.39% | 17.66% | 13.41% | 21.59% | 20.48% |
| Cost of Goods Sold | 1.33B | 1.26B | 1.21B | 1.17B | 1.17B | 818.51M | 692.42M | 645.28M | 598.29M | 530.76M | 448.21M | 435.14M | 410.12M | 391.79M | 373.76M | 332.64M | 311.35M | 391.5M | 474.19M | 511.5M | 517.88M | 525.09M | 412.93M | 329.9M | 276.56M | 257.78M | 214.17M | 184.9M | 161.7M | 142.6M | 117.2M |
| COGS % of Revenue | - | 54.15% | 54.03% | 52.85% | 55.52% | 52.03% | 54.61% | 56.78% | 55.46% | 54.32% | 52.08% | 54.8% | 54.53% | 55.47% | 56.87% | 55.12% | 56.05% | 66.91% | 62.68% | 62.61% | 60% | 62.05% | 59.16% | 60.18% | 59.41% | 61.99% | 58.03% | 56.3% | 57.94% | 57.94% | 57.91% |
| Gross Profit | 1.11B | 1.07B | 1.03B | 1.04B | 941.17M | 754.71M | 575.52M | 491.26M | 480.52M | 446.26M | 412.45M | 358.92M | 342.03M | 314.54M | 283.48M | 270.8M | 244.14M | 193.57M | 282.31M | 305.49M | 345.3M | 321.16M | 285.12M | 218.28M | 188.92M | 158.08M | 154.92M | 143.5M | 117.4M | 103.5M | 85.2M |
| Gross Margin % | 45.59% | 45.85% | 45.97% | 47.15% | 44.48% | 47.97% | 45.39% | 43.22% | 44.54% | 45.68% | 47.92% | 45.2% | 45.47% | 44.53% | 43.13% | 44.88% | 43.95% | 33.09% | 37.32% | 37.39% | 40% | 37.95% | 40.84% | 39.82% | 40.59% | 38.01% | 41.97% | 43.7% | 42.06% | 42.06% | 42.09% |
| Gross Profit Growth % | - | 4.25% | -1.71% | 10.92% | 24.71% | 31.13% | 17.15% | 2.23% | 7.68% | 8.2% | 14.91% | 4.94% | 8.74% | 10.96% | 4.68% | 10.92% | 26.12% | -31.43% | -7.59% | -11.53% | 7.51% | 12.64% | 30.62% | 15.54% | 19.51% | 2.04% | 7.96% | 22.23% | 13.43% | 21.48% | 33.33% |
| Operating Expenses | 612.75M | 626.98M | 595.88M | 564.25M | 466.2M | 387.24M | 323.49M | 316.03M | 312.08M | 307.26M | 272.81M | 241.48M | 243.09M | 230.92M | 219.26M | 195.27M | 164.19M | 164.17M | 191.93M | 184.69M | 183.43M | 169.48M | 153.9M | 120.21M | 102.83M | 92.26M | 95.18M | 80.9M | 66.1M | 60.2M | 52.5M |
| OpEx % of Revenue | - | 26.88% | 26.7% | 25.49% | 22.03% | 24.61% | 25.51% | 27.81% | 28.93% | 31.45% | 31.7% | 30.41% | 32.32% | 32.69% | 33.36% | 32.36% | 29.56% | 28.06% | 25.37% | 22.61% | 21.25% | 20.03% | 22.05% | 21.93% | 22.09% | 22.19% | 25.79% | 24.63% | 23.68% | 24.46% | 25.94% |
| Selling, General & Admin | 540.79M | 544.49M | 496.93M | 472.08M | 397.85M | 328.18M | 273.55M | 269.84M | 268.5M | 257.65M | 223.2M | 204.09M | 203.53M | 193.17M | 182.33M | 169.39M | 143.08M | 133.85M | 170.6M | 164.57M | 164.17M | 164.58M | 149.83M | 120.1M | 102.83M | 92.26M | 82.04M | 70M | 57.8M | 53.5M | 45.3M |
| SG&A % of Revenue | - | 23.34% | 22.26% | 21.32% | 18.8% | 20.86% | 21.57% | 23.74% | 24.89% | 26.37% | 25.93% | 25.7% | 27.06% | 27.35% | 27.74% | 28.07% | 25.76% | 22.88% | 22.55% | 20.14% | 19.02% | 19.45% | 21.46% | 21.91% | 22.09% | 22.19% | 22.23% | 21.32% | 20.71% | 21.74% | 22.38% |
| Research & Development | 76.62M | 82.48M | 93.58M | 92.17M | 68.35M | 59.38M | 50.81M | 47.06M | 43.06M | 47.62M | 46.25M | 40.3M | 39.02M | 36.84M | 35.92M | 25.89M | 21.11M | 19.99M | 21.33M | 20.11M | 19.25M | 4.9M | 4.48M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| R&D % of Revenue | - | 3.54% | 4.19% | 4.16% | 3.23% | 3.77% | 4.01% | 4.14% | 3.99% | 4.87% | 5.37% | 5.07% | 5.19% | 5.22% | 5.47% | 4.29% | 3.8% | 3.42% | 2.82% | 2.46% | 2.23% | 0.58% | 0.64% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Operating Expenses | -306K | 0 | 5.37M | 0 | 0 | -324K | -864K | -872K | 525K | 1.99M | 3.36M | -2.9M | 545K | 907K | 1M | 0 | 0 | 10.32M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -408.79K | 103.58K | 0 | 0 | 13.14M | 10.9M | 8.3M | 6.7M | 7.2M |
| Operating Income | 497.99M | 442.63M | 429.98M | 479.66M | 474.97M | 367.47M | 252.03M | 175.23M | 168.44M | 139.01M | 139.64M | 117.44M | 98.94M | 83.62M | 64.22M | 75.53M | 79.95M | 29.41M | 90.38M | 120.8M | 161.87M | 151.69M | 131.22M | 98.07M | 86.08M | 65.82M | 59.74M | 62.6M | 51.3M | 43.3M | 32.7M |
| Operating Margin % | 20.44% | 18.97% | 19.26% | 21.67% | 22.45% | 23.36% | 19.88% | 15.42% | 15.61% | 14.23% | 16.23% | 14.79% | 13.15% | 11.84% | 9.77% | 12.52% | 14.39% | 5.03% | 11.95% | 14.79% | 18.75% | 17.92% | 18.8% | 17.89% | 18.49% | 15.83% | 16.19% | 19.06% | 18.38% | 17.59% | 16.16% |
| Operating Income Growth % | - | 2.94% | -10.36% | 0.99% | 29.25% | 45.8% | 43.83% | 4.03% | 21.17% | -0.45% | 18.91% | 18.7% | 18.32% | 30.2% | -14.97% | -5.52% | 171.86% | -67.46% | -25.18% | -25.37% | 6.71% | 15.6% | 33.8% | 13.93% | 30.79% | 10.18% | -4.57% | 22.03% | 18.48% | 32.42% | 42.79% |
| EBITDA | 600.77M | 532.58M | 515.37M | 554.37M | 535.86M | 409.95M | 290.8M | 213.63M | 207.83M | 172.73M | 167.57M | 144.26M | 126.85M | 111.13M | 91.08M | 96.28M | 102.81M | 58.79M | 120.59M | 148.79M | 186.4M | 174.06M | 149.66M | 113.72M | 100.11M | 81.47M | 72.87M | 73.5M | 59.6M | 50M | 39.9M |
| EBITDA Margin % | 24.66% | 22.83% | 23.09% | 25.04% | 25.32% | 26.06% | 22.93% | 18.8% | 19.26% | 17.68% | 19.47% | 18.17% | 16.87% | 15.73% | 13.86% | 15.96% | 18.51% | 10.05% | 15.94% | 18.21% | 21.59% | 20.57% | 21.44% | 20.75% | 21.51% | 19.59% | 19.74% | 22.38% | 21.35% | 20.32% | 19.71% |
| EBITDA Growth % | 9.24% | 3.34% | -7.03% | 3.45% | 30.71% | 40.97% | 36.12% | 2.79% | 20.32% | 3.08% | 16.16% | 13.72% | 14.15% | 22.02% | -5.4% | -6.35% | 74.86% | -51.25% | -18.95% | -20.18% | 7.09% | 16.3% | 31.6% | 13.6% | 22.88% | 11.79% | -0.85% | 23.32% | 19.2% | 25.31% | 41.49% |
| D&A (Non-Cash Add-back) | 102.78M | 89.95M | 85.4M | 74.71M | 60.89M | 42.48M | 38.77M | 38.4M | 39.39M | 33.72M | 27.93M | 26.82M | 27.92M | 27.52M | 26.86M | 20.75M | 22.86M | 29.39M | 30.21M | 27.98M | 24.54M | 22.37M | 18.44M | 15.65M | 14.02M | 15.65M | 13.14M | 10.9M | 8.3M | 6.7M | 7.2M |
| EBIT | 506.48M | 462.47M | 435.34M | 483.98M | 460.73M | 359.4M | 251.85M | 180.38M | 173.19M | 145.59M | 140.05M | 109.68M | 100.18M | 82.47M | 62.71M | 79.36M | 78.38M | 28.96M | 90.03M | 116.8M | 165.24M | 155.76M | 131.97M | 98.07M | 86.08M | 65.82M | 59.74M | 62.6M | 51.3M | 43.3M | 32.7M |
| Net Interest Income | 17.32M | 8.34M | -48.94M | -7.43M | -12.66M | -850K | -2.01M | -1.74M | -571K | -788K | -577K | -342K | 46K | 86K | 212K | 340K | 148K | 75K | 2.6M | 5.76M | 3.72M | 1.55M | 385.27K | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Interest Income | 17.32M | 8.34M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 272K | 291K | 493K | 389K | 570K | 655K | 901K | 987K | 1M | 913K | 492K | 542K | 2.98M | 5.99M | 3.93M | 1.75M | 748.91K | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Interest Expense | 0 | 0 | 48.94M | 7.43M | 12.66M | 850K | 2.28M | 2.03M | 1.06M | 1.18M | 1.15M | 997K | 855K | 901K | 793K | 573K | 344K | 467K | 381K | 229K | 208K | 194K | 363.64K | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Income/Expense | 10.25M | 19.84M | 4.07M | -3.11M | -26.91M | -8.92M | -2.47M | 3.13M | 3.69M | 5.41M | -742K | -8.76M | 386K | -2.05M | -2.3M | 3.26M | -1.91M | -916K | -730K | -4.23M | 3.17M | 3.88M | 385.27K | 999.49K | 985.11K | 2.32M | 4.26M | 1.7M | 800K | 500K | 600K |
| Pretax Income | 508.24M | 462.47M | 434.04M | 476.55M | 448.06M | 358.55M | 249.56M | 178.36M | 172.13M | 144.42M | 138.9M | 108.68M | 99.32M | 81.56M | 61.92M | 78.79M | 78.04M | 28.49M | 89.65M | 116.58M | 165.03M | 155.56M | 131.6M | 99.07M | 87.07M | 68.14M | 63.99M | 64.3M | 52.1M | 43.8M | 33.3M |
| Pretax Margin % | 20.86% | 19.82% | 19.45% | 21.53% | 21.17% | 22.79% | 19.68% | 15.69% | 15.96% | 14.78% | 16.14% | 13.69% | 13.21% | 11.55% | 9.42% | 13.06% | 14.05% | 4.87% | 11.85% | 14.27% | 19.12% | 18.38% | 18.85% | 18.07% | 18.71% | 16.38% | 17.34% | 19.58% | 18.67% | 17.8% | 16.45% |
| Income Tax | 127.65M | 117.39M | 111.82M | 122.56M | 114.07M | 92.1M | 62.56M | 44.38M | 45.49M | 51.8M | 49.17M | 40.79M | 35.79M | 30.59M | 20M | 27.89M | 33.24M | 16.27M | 35.72M | 47.83M | 62.37M | 57.17M | 50.09M | 38.51M | 35.13M | 27.62M | 25.64M | 25.8M | 21M | 17.8M | 13.6M |
| Effective Tax Rate % | 25.12% | 25.38% | 25.76% | 25.72% | 25.46% | 25.69% | 25.07% | 24.88% | 26.43% | 35.87% | 35.4% | 37.53% | 36.04% | 37.51% | 32.3% | 35.39% | 42.59% | 57.12% | 39.84% | 41.03% | 37.79% | 36.75% | 38.06% | 38.87% | 40.35% | 40.53% | 40.07% | 40.12% | 40.31% | 40.64% | 40.84% |
| Net Income | 380.6M | 345.08M | 322.22M | 353.99M | 334M | 266.45M | 187M | 133.98M | 126.63M | 92.62M | 89.73M | 67.89M | 63.53M | 50.97M | 41.92M | 50.9M | 28.59M | 12.22M | 53.93M | 68.74M | 102.5M | 98.39M | 81.51M | 60.56M | 51.93M | 40.52M | 38.35M | 38.5M | 31.1M | 26M | 19.7M |
| Net Margin % | 15.62% | 14.79% | 14.44% | 15.99% | 15.78% | 16.94% | 14.75% | 11.79% | 11.74% | 9.48% | 10.43% | 8.55% | 8.45% | 7.22% | 6.38% | 8.43% | 5.15% | 2.09% | 7.13% | 8.41% | 11.87% | 11.63% | 11.68% | 11.05% | 11.16% | 9.74% | 10.39% | 11.72% | 11.14% | 10.56% | 9.73% |
| Net Income Growth % | 10.53% | 7.09% | -8.97% | 5.99% | 25.35% | 42.48% | 39.57% | 5.8% | 36.73% | 3.21% | 32.18% | 6.86% | 24.64% | 21.6% | -17.65% | 78.06% | 133.99% | -77.35% | -21.54% | -32.93% | 4.17% | 20.72% | 34.59% | 16.61% | 28.18% | 5.64% | -0.38% | 23.79% | 19.62% | 31.98% | 39.72% |
| Net Income (Continuing) | 380.6M | 345.08M | 322.22M | 353.99M | 334M | 266.45M | 187M | 133.98M | 126.63M | 92.62M | 89.73M | 67.89M | 63.53M | 50.97M | 41.92M | 50.9M | 44.8M | 12.22M | 53.93M | 68.74M | 102.66M | 98.39M | 81.51M | 60.56M | 51.93M | 40.52M | 38.35M | 38.5M | 31.1M | 26M | 19.7M |
| Discontinued Operations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.34M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 754.28K | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EPS (Diluted) | 9.34 | 8.24 | 7.60 | 8.26 | 7.76 | 6.12 | 4.27 | 2.98 | 2.78 | 1.94 | 1.86 | 1.38 | 1.29 | 1.05 | 0.87 | 1.04 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 1.10 | 1.40 | 2.10 | 2.02 | 1.67 | 1.23 | 1.05 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.65 | 0.14 | 0.42 |
| EPS Growth % | 12.53% | 8.42% | -7.99% | 6.44% | 26.8% | 43.33% | 43.29% | 7.19% | 43.3% | 4.3% | 34.78% | 6.98% | 22.86% | 20.69% | -16.35% | 79.31% | 132% | -77.27% | -21.43% | -33.33% | 3.96% | 20.96% | 35.77% | 17.14% | 28.05% | 2.5% | 1.27% | 21.54% | 364.29% | -66.67% | 446.16% |
| EPS (Basic) | - | 8.27 | 7.64 | 8.31 | 7.78 | 6.15 | 4.28 | 3.00 | 2.80 | 1.95 | 1.87 | 1.39 | 1.30 | 1.05 | 0.87 | 1.04 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 1.11 | 1.42 | 2.12 | 2.05 | 1.70 | 1.24 | 1.06 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.67 | 0.14 | 0.42 |
| Diluted Shares Outstanding | 40.74M | 41.86M | 42.38M | 42.84M | 43.05M | 43.53M | 43.84M | 44.92M | 46.54M | 47.77M | 48.3M | 49.18M | 49.19M | 48.67M | 48.41M | 49.02M | 49.61M | 49.26M | 48.97M | 48.93M | 48.89M | 48.61M | 48.92M | 49.23M | 49.62M | 49.26M | 49.18M | 48.94M | 48.19M | 46.07M | 47.35M |
| Basic Shares Outstanding | 40.61M | 41.72M | 42.18M | 42.6M | 42.92M | 43.33M | 43.71M | 44.73M | 46.21M | 47.49M | 48.08M | 48.95M | 48.98M | 48.52M | 48.34M | 48.97M | 49.5M | 49.13M | 48.64M | 48.47M | 48.3M | 48.08M | 48.05M | 48.88M | 48.94M | 48.43M | 48.09M | 47.35M | 46.24M | 45.9M | 47.02M |
| Dividend Payout Ratio | - | 13.79% | 14.43% | 12.77% | 13.14% | 15.62% | 21.6% | 30% | 31.5% | 39.93% | 36.45% | 43.24% | 40.8% | 35.57% | 72.03% | 45.83% | 69.14% | 160.7% | 36.04% | 26.79% | 15.07% | 9.76% | 8.83% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Quick answers to the most common questions about buying SSD stock.
For fiscal year 2025, Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. (SSD) reported total revenue of $2.33B. This represents a 1052.6% increase compared to $202.4M in 1996.
Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. (SSD) is profitable, generating $345.1M in net income for the fiscal year ending 2025 with a net profit margin of 14.8%.
Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. (SSD) reported an operating income of $442.6M, resulting in an operating profit margin of 19.0%. This margin reflects the operational efficiency of the business before interest and taxes.
Simpson Manufacturing Co., Inc. (SSD) generated $1.07B in gross profit for the year, representing a gross profit margin of 45.9%. This demonstrates the company's core pricing power and production efficiency.
Key Metrics
Top Statement Risk
Housing cycle deceleration
Metrics are mathematically derived from official filings.
Volume Growth Slows Sharply
SSD's revenue growth decelerated to 2.3% year over year in 2026Q3 from 9.1% in 2026Q1, according to reported quarterly statements, suggesting the post-2025 recovery in residential construction demand may be losing momentum even as realized pricing remains intact.
The progression from essentially flat 2024 comparables (-0.1% to 3.1%) through mid-single-digit 2025 growth and then a fade to 2.3% in the latest quarter implies the accelerating phase of the cycle has passed, with the 2025 uplift possibly carrying both price and the ETANCO consolidation rather than pure volume. Sequentially, revenue fell from $671.1M to $638.1M, which is directionally consistent with normal Q3-to-Q2 seasonality in construction, so investors should look to the year-over-year trend rather than the sequential decline when judging demand. The durability question now rests on whether 'content per start' from tightening building codes can offset softening single-family starts, since neither variable is quantified in the disclosed periods.
Pricing Power Absorbs Steel Swing
Gross margin held at 45.7% in 2026Q3 versus 46.4% a year earlier, per reported financial statements, leaving SSD roughly 1,000 basis points above Masco's 35.5% and underscoring the durability of specification-driven pricing power amid steel volatility.
The ten-quarter band of 43.6% to 47.4% shows margins compressing predictably in the seasonally weak fourth quarter (43.6% in 2025Q4) and peaking in the second quarter (47.4% in 2026Q2), a pattern that reads as fixed-cost absorption rather than a structural break. The modest 70 basis point year-over-year easing in Q3 could reflect rebate tier payouts or raw-material catch-up rather than pricing erosion, but it warrants monitoring because customer rebate programs are recorded as revenue reductions and can obscure underlying unit economics. Against the peer set, SSD's premium to Trex (39.2%) and Installed Building Products (34.0%) appears consistent with a differentiated, engineer-specified product rather than a commodity fastener position.
Cost Discipline Offsets Mix Drag
SG&A fell to 20.6% of revenue in 2026Q3 from 22.7% in 2025Q3 and R&D eased to 3.0% of sales from 3.3%, based on company financial statements, yet reported operating margin still slipped to 22.1% from 22.6%.
That combination suggests meaningful overhead efficiency was consumed by something other than the disclosed cost lines, most plausibly the 70 basis point gross margin decline plus unreported other income and expense items, so the operating leverage math in a few periods does not fully reconcile and should be checked against the full statements. The 9% year-over-year reduction in R&D dollars is notable because the moat is described as resting on proprietary engineering software; if this reflects capitalization of software development rather than outright cuts, reported operating income may be flattered relative to true innovation spend. On balance, the fixed-cost base looks well controlled, but the flow-through to operating income is less clean than the headline SG&A ratio implies.
EPS Outpaces Underlying Net Income
Diluted EPS rose 3.9% to $2.68 in 2026Q3 while net income increased only 1.6% to $109.1 million, based on reported figures, with the divergence pointing to share count reduction as a meaningful earnings driver alongside a reported $0 stock-based charge.
Net income has converted at a fairly steady 76% to 78% of operating income across the ten quarters, which argues against large non-operating distortions or tax-rate anomalies inflating the bottom line, a positive signal for earnings quality. The $0 stock-based compensation entry for 2026Q3 following $10.9 million in 2026Q2 and $5.1 million in 2026Q1 is a sharp discontinuity; it may reflect grant timing rather than a policy change, but it warrants confirmation before analysts normalize quarterly expenses, since SBC at $10.9 million equated to roughly 8.6% of that quarter's net income. The 77% EPS growth in 2026Q2 against 24.6% EPS growth disclosed also suggests buybacks are doing real work in per-share results.
Softening Demand Meets Guidance Gap
Sequential EPS declined 13.3% from $3.09 to $2.68 against a $2.40 consensus reference for 2026Q3, and management's omission of forward guidance, per the latest earnings call, may signal reduced visibility into North American volume and mix.
A short-seller would focus on the four-quarter trough in operating margin at 13.6% in 2025Q4 versus 15.0% in 2024Q4, which shows that seasonal deleverage is worsening and that the earnings floor depends heavily on a strong Q2 and Q3 to carry the full year. Layered on that, the ETANCO integration adds European cost and mix uncertainty precisely when organic growth is decelerating, while a structural shift toward multi-family and modular construction could compress the high-margin wood connector franchise over time. The absence of guidance and the unreconciled EPS estimate versus reported result together reduce the reliability of forward anchors, so any margin trajectory call should be treated as provisional.