8-K Announcements
6Apr 23, 2026·SEC
Mar 30, 2026·SEC
Jan 22, 2026·SEC
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) fundamental analysis — strengths, weaknesses & financial health based on data analysis
* These insights are generated automatically based on available financial data. Please conduct your own research before making investment decisions.
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) stock price & volume — 10-year historical chart
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) revenue, earnings & EPS growth — 3, 5 & 10-year CAGR
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) EPS & revenue vs analyst estimates — last 4 quarters
| Quarter | Date | EPS (Act vs Est) | Revenue (Act vs Est) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q2 2026Latest | Apr 23, 2026 | $0.66vs $0.63+4.8% | $49Mvs $50M-1.0% |
| Q2 2026 | Mar 6, 2026 | $0.62 | $50M |
| Q1 2026 | Jan 22, 2026 | $0.68vs $0.64+6.3% | $50Mvs $50M+0.6% |
| Q4 2025 | Oct 23, 2025 | $0.69vs $0.63+9.5% | $54Mvs $50M+8.9% |
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) competitors in Payments and B2B Spend Processing — business model, growth, and fundamentals comparison
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) vs competitors — business, growth, and fundamentals comparison against the closest industry rivals.
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) annual income statement — 10-year revenue, gross profit & net income history
| Line item | Dec'17 | Dec'18 | Dec'19 | Dec'20 | Dec'21 | Dec'22 | Dec'23 | Dec'24 | Dec'25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sales/Revenue | 137.49M | 152M | 162.68M | 148.13M | 155.19M | 187.31M | 213.23M | 219.89M | 191.1M |
| Revenue Growth % | 9.06% | 10.56% | 7.02% | -8.94% | 4.77% | 20.7% | 13.84% | 3.13% | -13.1% |
| Cost of Goods Sold | 10.29M | 12.53M | 14.77M | 24.9M | 11.52M | 12.88M | 26.09M | 32.23M | 0 |
| COGS % of Revenue | 7.49% | 8.24% | 9.08% | 16.81% | 7.42% | 6.88% | 12.23% | 14.66% | - |
| Gross Profit | 127.19M▲ 0% | 139.47M▲ 9.7% | 147.91M▲ 6.0% | 123.23M▼ 16.7% | 143.67M▲ 16.6% | 174.42M▲ 21.4% | 187.14M▲ 7.3% | 187.66M▲ 0.3% | 191.1M▲ 1.8% |
| Gross Margin % | 92.51% | 91.76% | 90.92% | 83.19% | 92.58% | 93.12% | 87.77% | 85.34% | 100% |
| Gross Profit Growth % | 8.96% | 9.65% | 6.05% | -16.68% | 16.59% | 21.4% | 7.29% | 0.28% | 1.83% |
| Operating Expenses | 92.3M | 103.13M | 110.44M | 92.89M | 109.85M | 131.52M | 149.67M | 163.44M | 152.34M |
| OpEx % of Revenue | 67.13% | 67.85% | 67.89% | 62.71% | 70.79% | 70.22% | 70.19% | 74.33% | 79.72% |
| Selling, General & Admin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| SG&A % of Revenue | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Research & Development | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| R&D % of Revenue | 0% | 0% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Operating Expenses | 92.3M | 103.13M | 110.44M | 92.89M | 109.85M | 131.52M | 149.67M | 163.44M | 152.34M |
| Operating Income | 34.9M▲ 0% | 36.35M▲ 4.1% | 37.47M▲ 3.1% | 30.34M▼ 19.0% | 33.82M▲ 11.5% | 42.9M▲ 26.8% | 37.47M▼ 12.7% | 24.22M▼ 35.4% | 38.76M▲ 60.0% |
| Operating Margin % | 25.38% | 23.91% | 23.03% | 20.48% | 21.79% | 22.9% | 17.57% | 11.01% | 20.28% |
| Operating Income Growth % | 8.84% | 4.15% | 3.08% | -19.01% | 11.46% | 26.84% | -12.65% | -35.37% | 60.03% |
| EBITDA | 38.95M | 40.74M | 42.26M | 41.61M | 38.99M | 47.6M | 42.44M | 30.21M | 38.76M |
| EBITDA Margin % | 28.33% | 26.8% | 25.98% | 28.09% | 25.13% | 25.41% | 19.9% | 13.74% | 20.28% |
| EBITDA Growth % | 9.06% | 4.6% | 3.71% | -1.52% | -6.29% | 22.08% | -10.84% | -28.83% | 28.31% |
| D&A (Non-Cash Add-back) | 4.05M | 4.4M | 4.79M | 11.27M | 5.17M | 4.7M | 4.97M | 5.99M | 0 |
| EBIT | 34.9M | 36.35M | 37.47M | 30.34M | 33.82M | 42.9M | 37.47M | 24.22M | 38.76M |
| Net Interest Income | 41.98M | 47.93M | 52.61M | 47.69M | 45.5M | 62.33M | 82.64M | 88.04M | 81.24M |
| Interest Income | 41.98M | 47.93M | 52.61M | 47.69M | 45.5M | 62.33M | 82.76M | 88.05M | 81.24M |
| Interest Expense | 0 | 0 | 2K | 2K | 0 | 0 | 116K | 1K | 0 |
| Other Income/Expense | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2K | 0 | 0 | -116K | -1K | 0 |
| Pretax Income | 34.9M▲ 0% | 36.35M▲ 4.1% | 37.47M▲ 3.1% | 30.34M▼ 19.0% | 33.82M▲ 11.5% | 42.9M▲ 26.8% | 37.36M▼ 12.9% | 24.22M▼ 35.2% | 38.76M▲ 60.0% |
| Pretax Margin % | 25.38% | 23.91% | 23.03% | 20.48% | 21.79% | 22.9% | 17.52% | 11.01% | 20.28% |
| Income Tax | 9.88M | 6.08M | 7.06M | 5.17M | 5.22M | 8M | 7.3M | 5.05M | 7.65M |
| Effective Tax Rate % | 28.32% | 16.72% | 18.85% | 17.02% | 15.43% | 18.64% | 19.53% | 20.86% | 19.73% |
| Net Income | 25.01M▲ 0% | 30.27M▲ 21.0% | 30.4M▲ 0.4% | 25.18M▼ 17.2% | 28.6M▲ 13.6% | 34.9M▲ 22.0% | 30.06M▼ 13.9% | 19.17M▼ 36.2% | 35.12M▲ 83.2% |
| Net Margin % | 18.19% | 19.91% | 18.69% | 17% | 18.43% | 18.63% | 14.1% | 8.72% | 18.38% |
| Net Income Growth % | 2.74% | 21% | 0.45% | -17.2% | 13.62% | 22.02% | -13.88% | -36.23% | 83.2% |
| Net Income (Continuing) | 25.01M | 30.27M | 30.4M | 25.18M | 28.6M | 34.9M | 30.06M | 19.17M | 31.11M |
| Discontinued Operations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EPS (Diluted) | 1.68▲ 0% | 2.03▲ 20.8% | 2.07▲ 2.0% | 1.73▼ 16.4% | 2.00▲ 15.6% | 2.53▲ 26.5% | 2.18▼ 13.8% | 1.39▼ 36.2% | 2.61▲ 87.8% |
| EPS Growth % | 3.07% | 20.83% | 1.97% | -16.43% | 15.61% | 26.5% | -13.83% | -36.24% | 87.77% |
| EPS (Basic) | 1.70 | 2.06 | 2.11 | 1.75 | 2.03 | 2.58 | 2.22 | 1.42 | 2.66 |
| Diluted Shares Outstanding | 14.92M | 14.91M | 14.69M | 14.57M | 14.33M | 13.81M | 13.82M | 13.78M | 13.46M |
| Basic Shares Outstanding | 14.7M | 14.68M | 14.43M | 14.39M | 14.3M | 13.55M | 13.79M | 13.5M | 13.18M |
| Dividend Payout Ratio | 42.68% | 43.53% | 50.11% | 61.96% | 54% | 44.24% | 53.09% | 85.89% | 47.02% |
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) balance sheet — assets, liabilities & shareholders' equity
| Line item | Dec'17 | Dec'18 | Dec'19 | Dec'20 | Dec'21 | Dec'22 | Dec'23 | Dec'24 | Dec'25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Current Assets | 76.05M | 635.86M | 1.17B | 1.74B | 1.76B | 1.66B | 1.68B | 1.68B | 1.23B |
| Cash & Short-Term Investments | 640M | 635.86M | 203.95M | 670.53M | 514.93M | 200.94M | 372.47M | 349.73M | 392.27M |
| Cash Only | 169.48M | 194.32M | 203.95M | 670.53M | 514.93M | 200.94M | 372.47M | 349.73M | 392.27M |
| Short-Term Investments | 470.52M | 441.53M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Accounts Receivable | 0 | 0 | 762.08M | 879.73M | 953.52M | 1.17B | 1.11B | 1.12B | 1.12B |
| Days Sales Outstanding | - | - | 1.71K | 2.17K | 2.24K | 2.27K | 1.9K | 1.87K | 2.13K |
| Inventory | -1.01B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Days Inventory Outstanding | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Current Assets | 0 | 0 | 206.16M | 194.56M | 291.43M | 293.77M | 198.86M | 208.53M | -276.85M |
| Total Non-Current Assets | 36.15M | 477.69M | 592.05M | 458.41M | 795.03M | 913.16M | 795.41M | 712.32M | 49.34M |
| Property, Plant & Equipment | 21.59M | 22.03M | 20.53M | 18.06M | 18.11M | 19.96M | 30.09M | 41.17M | 29.45M |
| Fixed Asset Turnover | 6.37x | 6.90x | 7.93x | 8.20x | 8.57x | 9.39x | 7.09x | 5.34x | 6.49x |
| Goodwill | 12.57M | 12.57M | 14.26M | 14.26M | 14.26M | 17.31M | 17.31M | 21.35M | 16.16M |
| Intangible Assets | 2M | 1.55M | 4.28M | 3.42M | 2.56M | 4.13M | 3.35M | 5.01M | 19.89M |
| Long-Term Investments | 470.52M | 441.53M | 422.67M | 357.73M | 673.45M | 754.47M | 627.12M | 528.02M | 770.77M |
| Other Non-Current Assets | -2.07B | -1.7B | 130.31M | 64.94M | 86.64M | 117.3M | 117.55M | 116.77M | -770.77M |
| Total Assets | 1.6B▲ 0% | 1.7B▲ 5.7% | 1.76B▲ 4.1% | 2.2B▲ 24.9% | 2.55B▲ 16.0% | 2.57B▲ 0.7% | 2.48B▼ 3.7% | 2.4B▼ 3.4% | 2.61B▲ 8.8% |
| Asset Turnover | 0.09x | 0.09x | 0.09x | 0.07x | 0.06x | 0.07x | 0.09x | 0.09x | 0.07x |
| Asset Growth % | 6.54% | 5.74% | 4.07% | 24.88% | 15.96% | 0.71% | -3.67% | -3.37% | 8.81% |
| Total Current Liabilities | 661.89M | 694.36M | 1.42B | 1.85B | 2.24B | 2.32B | 2.2B | 2.11B | 1.12B |
| Accounts Payable | 715.89M | 694.36M | 684.29M | 835.39M | 1.05B | 1.07B | 1.07B | 1.15B | 1.12B |
| Days Payables Outstanding | 25.38K | 20.23K | 16.91K | 12.25K | 33.3K | 30.24K | 14.99K | 13.01K | - |
| Short-Term Debt | 0 | 0 | 18M | 0 | 0 | 1.35M | 1.33M | 1.34M | 826K |
| Deferred Revenue (Current) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Current Liabilities | -54M | 0 | 721M | 1.01B | 1.19B | 1.25B | 1.13B | 953.84M | -826K |
| Current Ratio | 0.11x | 0.92x | 0.82x | 0.94x | 0.79x | 0.72x | 0.76x | 0.80x | 1.10x |
| Quick Ratio | 1.64x | 0.92x | 0.82x | 0.94x | 0.79x | 0.72x | 0.76x | 0.80x | 1.10x |
| Cash Conversion Cycle | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Total Non-Current Liabilities | 716.23M | 770.97M | 96.76M | 93.33M | 71.64M | 50.99M | 47.96M | 60.24M | 1.24B |
| Long-Term Debt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Capital Lease Obligations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.08M | 3.68M |
| Deferred Tax Liabilities | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Non-Current Liabilities | 716.23M | 770.97M | 96.76M | 93.33M | 71.64M | 50.99M | 47.96M | 54.16M | 1.24B |
| Total Liabilities | 1.43B | 1.47B | 1.52B | 1.94B | 2.31B | 2.37B | 2.25B | 2.17B | 2.36B |
| Total Debt | 396.55M | 408.67M | 18M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.43M | 4.51M |
| Net Debt | 227.07M | 214.34M | -185.95M | -670.53M | -514.93M | -200.94M | -372.47M | -342.3M | -387.76M |
| Debt / Equity | 1.76x | 1.78x | 0.07x | - | - | - | - | 0.03x | 0.02x |
| Debt / EBITDA | 10.18x | 10.03x | 0.43x | - | - | - | - | 0.25x | 0.12x |
| Net Debt / EBITDA | 5.83x | 5.26x | -4.40x | -16.11x | -13.21x | -4.22x | -8.78x | -11.33x | -10.00x |
| Interest Coverage | - | - | 18734.00x | 15171.50x | - | - | 323.03x | 24220.00x | - |
| Total Equity | 225.09M▲ 0% | 229.85M▲ 2.1% | 244.19M▲ 6.2% | 261.16M▲ 6.9% | 245.8M▼ 5.9% | 206.32M▼ 16.1% | 229.81M▲ 11.4% | 229.03M▼ 0.3% | 243M▲ 6.1% |
| Equity Growth % | 8.2% | 2.11% | 6.24% | 6.95% | -5.88% | -16.06% | 11.38% | -0.34% | 6.1% |
| Book Value per Share | 15.09 | 15.42 | 16.62 | 17.93 | 17.15 | 14.94 | 16.63 | 16.62 | 18.05 |
| Total Shareholders' Equity | 225.09M | 229.85M | 244.19M | 261.16M | 245.8M | 206.32M | 229.81M | 229.03M | 243M |
| Common Stock | 6.52M | 7.75M | 7.75M | 7.75M | 7.75M | 7.75M | 7.75M | 7.75M | 7.75M |
| Retained Earnings | 59.31M | 75.17M | 90.34M | 99.06M | 112.22M | 131.68M | 145.78M | 148.49M | 167.09M |
| Treasury Stock | -32.06M | -39.97M | -45.38M | -50.52M | -78.9M | -81.21M | -84.26M | -87.61M | -112.15M |
| Accumulated OCI | -13.32M | -18.87M | -13.92M | -15K | 453K | -59.32M | -47.47M | -45.19M | -26.75M |
| Minority Interest | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) cash flow — operating, investing & free cash flow history
| Line item | Dec'17 | Dec'18 | Dec'19 | Dec'20 | Dec'21 | Dec'22 | Dec'23 | Dec'24 | Dec'25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cash from Operations | 38.89M | 48.34M | 42.13M | 47.78M | 34.55M | 51.61M | 36.94M | 38.95M | 37.44M |
| Operating CF Margin % | 28.29% | 31.8% | 25.9% | 32.26% | 22.26% | 27.55% | 17.32% | 17.71% | 19.59% |
| Operating CF Growth % | 10.52% | 24.29% | -12.85% | 13.42% | -27.7% | 49.38% | -28.43% | 5.45% | -3.88% |
| Net Income | 25.01M | 30.27M | 30.4M | 25.18M | 28.6M | 34.9M | 30.06M | 19.17M | 35.12M |
| Depreciation & Amortization | 11.34M | 11.24M | 10.94M | 5.33M | 5.17M | 4.7M | 4.97M | 5.99M | 0 |
| Stock-Based Compensation | 2.34M | 3.01M | 3.14M | 2.27M | 2.86M | 6.73M | 4.14M | 3.17M | 4.19M |
| Deferred Taxes | 4M | -3.52M | 1.25M | -874K | -698K | -1.16M | -284K | -1.05M | 0 |
| Other Non-Cash Items | -4.13M | -5.75M | -1.39M | 9.47M | 817K | 10.71M | 825K | 4.08M | 4.81M |
| Working Capital Changes | 326K | 13.1M | -2.22M | 6.42M | -2.21M | -4.28M | -2.77M | 7.59M | -6.68M |
| Change in Receivables | -4.66M | 4.71M | 988K | 756K | -602K | -2.52M | -3.84M | -3.34M | -322K |
| Change in Inventory | -22.63M | 23.34M | 22.4M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Change in Payables | 19.6M | -19.59M | -22.4M | 0 | 0 | 17.2M | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cash from Investing | -139.84M | -46.8M | -75.76M | -43.9M | -528.52M | -306.39M | 284.66M | 3.95M | -145.28M |
| Capital Expenditures | -4.13M | -4.4M | -2.72M | -2M | -4.37M | -5.87M | -14.32M | -9.33M | 0 |
| CapEx % of Revenue | 3% | 2.89% | 1.67% | 1.35% | 2.82% | 3.13% | 6.72% | 4.24% | 2.96% |
| Acquisitions | -21.34M | -35.34M | -2.83M | 0 | 0 | -4.81M | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Investments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Investing | -33.76M | -21.67M | -45.38M | -107.59M | -190.65M | -128.67M | 163.5M | -80.29M | -145.28M |
| Cash from Financing | 62.32M | 1.28M | 6.65M | 462.69M | 338.37M | -59.2M | -150.07M | -65.64M | 150.38M |
| Debt Issued (Net) | 0 | 0 | 18M | -18M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Equity Issued (Net) | -2.27M | -8.84M | -7.8M | -6.83M | -31M | -5.3M | -5.77M | -7.25M | -25.99M |
| Dividends Paid | -10.68M | -13.18M | -15.23M | -15.6M | -15.45M | -15.44M | -15.96M | -16.46M | -16.51M |
| Share Repurchases | -2.27M | -8.84M | -7.8M | -6.83M | -31M | -5.3M | -5.77M | -7.25M | -25.99M |
| Other Financing | 75.26M | 23.3M | 11.69M | 503.12M | 384.81M | -38.46M | -128.34M | -41.93M | 192.88M |
| Net Change in Cash | -38.63M▲ 0% | 2.82M▲ 107.3% | -26.98M▼ 1055.7% | 466.57M▲ 1829.4% | -155.6M▼ 133.3% | -313.99M▼ 101.8% | 171.53M▲ 154.6% | -22.74M▼ 113.3% | 6.8M▲ 129.9% |
| Free Cash Flow | 34.76M▲ 0% | 43.94M▲ 26.4% | 39.4M▼ 10.3% | 45.78M▲ 16.2% | 30.18M▼ 34.1% | 45.74M▲ 51.6% | 22.61M▼ 50.6% | 29.62M▲ 31.0% | 31.77M▲ 7.3% |
| FCF Margin % | 25.28% | 28.9% | 24.22% | 30.91% | 19.45% | 24.42% | 10.6% | 13.47% | 16.63% |
| FCF Growth % | 13.96% | 26.39% | -10.32% | 16.18% | -34.08% | 51.57% | -50.57% | 30.99% | 7.27% |
| FCF per Share | 2.33 | 2.95 | 2.68 | 3.14 | 2.11 | 3.31 | 1.64 | 2.15 | 2.36 |
| FCF Conversion (FCF/Net Income) | 1.55x | 1.60x | 1.39x | 1.90x | 1.21x | 1.48x | 1.23x | 2.03x | 1.07x |
| Interest Paid | 2.18M | 3.7M | 5.18M | 2.43M | 1.19M | 3.43M | 15.7M | 20.23M | 16.39M |
| Taxes Paid | 7.68M | 6.72M | 7.6M | 4.73M | 5.64M | 8.4M | 9.3M | 5.51M | 5.14M |
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) financial ratios — P/E, ROE, debt and 30+ core market and balance-sheet ratios
| Metric | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Return on Equity (ROE) | 11.72% | 11.55% | 13.31% | 12.83% | 9.96% | 11.28% | 15.44% | 13.78% | 8.36% | 14.88% |
| Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) | 5.05% | 5.7% | 6.08% | 11.19% | - | - | 597.72% | - | - | - |
| Gross Margin | 92.6% | 92.51% | 91.76% | 90.92% | 83.19% | 92.58% | 93.12% | 87.77% | 85.34% | 100% |
| Net Margin | 19.31% | 18.19% | 19.91% | 18.69% | 17% | 18.43% | 18.63% | 14.1% | 8.72% | 18.38% |
| Debt / Equity | 1.96x | 1.76x | 1.78x | 0.07x | - | - | - | - | 0.03x | 0.02x |
| Interest Coverage | - | - | - | 18734.00x | 15171.50x | - | - | 323.03x | 24220.00x | - |
| FCF Conversion | 1.45x | 1.55x | 1.60x | 1.39x | 1.90x | 1.21x | 1.48x | 1.23x | 2.03x | 1.07x |
| Revenue Growth | 3.27% | 9.06% | 10.56% | 7.02% | -8.94% | 4.77% | 20.7% | 13.84% | 3.13% | -13.1% |
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) SEC filings — annual & quarterly reports (10-K, 10-Q)
Apr 23, 2026·SEC
Mar 30, 2026·SEC
Jan 22, 2026·SEC
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) stock FAQ — growth, dividends, profitability & financials explained
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) reported $203.5M in revenue for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 346% increase from $45.6M in 1996.
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) saw revenue decline by 13.1% over the past year.
Yes, Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) is profitable, generating $35.1M in net income for fiscal year 2025 (18.4% net margin).
Yes, Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) pays a dividend with a yield of 2.60%. This makes it attractive for income-focused investors.
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) has a return on equity (ROE) of 14.9%. This is reasonable for most industries.
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) generated $31.8M in free cash flow for fiscal year 2025. Positive FCF indicates the company can fund dividends, buybacks, or reinvestment.
Cass Information Systems, Inc. (CASS) financial analysis — history, returns, DCA and operating performance tools
Historical returns with dividends reinvested
Dollar cost averaging vs lump sum
Yield, growth, payout safety & DRIP
EPS trends, net income & profitability
Long-term charts & historical price data
Sales growth patterns & revenue breakdown
30 years of market, efficiency and balance-sheet ratios
DCF intrinsic value, peer multiples & estimates