Revenue growth accelerated to 17.4% in 2026Q3 from 2.9% in 2025Q4, but operating margin compressed to 10.7% from 16.7% and diluted EPS fell 57.1%, suggesting acquisition costs and overhead scaling to $436.4 million of SG&A are offsetting top-line gains.
McCormick & Company, Incorporated (MKC-V) annual income statement — 30-year revenue, gross profit & net income history
| Metric | TTM | Nov'25 | Nov'24 | Nov'23 | Nov'22 | Nov'21 | Nov'20 | Nov'19 | Nov'18 | Nov'17 | Nov'16 | Nov'15 | Nov'14 | Nov'13 | Nov'12 | Nov'11 | Nov'10 | Nov'09 | Nov'08 | Nov'07 | Nov'06 | Nov'05 | Nov'04 | Nov'03 | Nov'02 | Nov'01 | Nov'00 | Nov'99 | Nov'98 | Nov'97 | Nov'96 |
|---|
| Sales/Revenue | 7.69B | 6.84B | 6.72B | 6.66B | 6.35B | 6.32B | 5.6B | 5.35B | 5.3B | 4.83B | 4.41B | 4.3B | 4.24B | 4.12B | 4.01B | 3.7B | 3.34B | 3.19B | 3.18B | 2.92B | 2.72B | 2.59B | 2.53B | 2.27B | 2.32B | 2.37B | 2.12B | 2.01B | 1.88B | 1.8B | 1.73B |
| Revenue Growth % | 13.23% | 1.73% | 0.92% | 4.91% | 0.52% | 12.79% | 4.75% | 0.84% | 9.7% | 9.58% | 2.68% | 1.25% | 2.91% | 2.72% | 8.56% | 10.81% | 4.53% | 0.49% | 8.93% | 7.36% | 4.8% | 2.6% | 11.31% | -2.17% | -2.25% | 11.76% | 5.81% | 6.69% | 4.45% | 3.95% | -6.79% |
| Cost of Goods Sold | 4.68B | 4.25B | 4.13B | 4.16B | 4.08B | 3.82B | 3.3B | 3.2B | 3.21B | 2.82B | 2.58B | 2.56B | 2.51B | 2.46B | 2.4B | 2.18B | 1.92B | 1.86B | 1.89B | 1.72B | 1.6B | 1.56B | 1.52B | 1.37B | 1.46B | 1.4B | 1.26B | 1.23B | 1.18B | 1.12B | 1.06B |
| COGS % of Revenue | - | 62.1% | 61.46% | 62.44% | 64.18% | 60.52% | 58.93% | 59.88% | 60.6% | 58.42% | 58.48% | 59.56% | 59.22% | 59.6% | 59.7% | 58.82% | 57.51% | 58.42% | 59.45% | 59.13% | 58.97% | 60.01% | 60.1% | 60.41% | 63.08% | 59.03% | 59.21% | 61.4% | 62.59% | 62.35% | 61.43% |
| Gross Profit | 3B | 2.59B | 2.59B | 2.5B | 2.27B | 2.49B | 2.3B | 2.15B | 2.09B | 2.01B | 1.83B | 1.74B | 1.73B | 1.67B | 1.62B | 1.52B | 1.42B | 1.33B | 1.29B | 1.19B | 1.11B | 1.04B | 1.01B | 898.6M | 856.6M | 972.3M | 866.1M | 774.6M | 703.7M | 678M | 668.3M |
| Gross Margin % | 39.06% | 37.9% | 38.54% | 37.56% | 35.82% | 39.48% | 41.07% | 40.12% | 39.4% | 41.58% | 41.52% | 40.44% | 40.78% | 40.4% | 40.3% | 41.18% | 42.49% | 41.58% | 40.55% | 40.87% | 41.03% | 39.99% | 39.9% | 39.59% | 36.92% | 40.97% | 40.79% | 38.6% | 37.41% | 37.65% | 38.57% |
| Gross Profit Growth % | - | 0.05% | 3.54% | 10.02% | -8.82% | 8.44% | 7.23% | 2.69% | 3.92% | 9.74% | 5.43% | 0.41% | 3.87% | 2.97% | 6.26% | 7.39% | 6.82% | 3.03% | 8.09% | 6.93% | 7.52% | 2.85% | 12.16% | 4.9% | -11.9% | 12.26% | 11.81% | 10.08% | 3.79% | 1.45% | -5.99% |
| Operating Expenses | 1.72B | 1.5B | 1.53B | 1.54B | 1.41B | 1.48B | 1.3B | 1.19B | 1.2B | 1.09B | 1.19B | 1.19B | 1.13B | 1.12B | 1.04B | 982.2M | 907.9M | 860.3M | 911.7M | 837.6M | 845M | 693.1M | 675.2M | 603.1M | 537.1M | 517.9M | 486.5M | 579.7M | 518.6M | 510.3M | 516.9M |
| OpEx % of Revenue | - | 21.93% | 22.77% | 23.11% | 22.22% | 23.42% | 23.23% | 22.21% | 22.67% | 22.63% | 26.99% | 27.67% | 26.56% | 27.05% | 25.9% | 26.56% | 27.21% | 26.95% | 28.7% | 28.72% | 31.11% | 26.74% | 26.73% | 26.57% | 23.15% | 21.82% | 22.91% | 28.89% | 27.57% | 28.33% | 29.84% |
| Selling, General & Admin | 1.74B | 1.5B | 1.52B | 1.48B | 1.36B | 1.4B | 1.28B | 1.17B | 1.16B | 1.03B | 1.18B | 1.13B | 1.12B | 1.09B | 1.04B | 982.2M | 907.9M | 846.6M | 870.6M | 806.9M | 772.6M | 681.9M | 677.7M | 597.6M | 529.6M | 507.6M | 485.4M | 522.3M | 463.8M | 461M | 453.1M |
| SG&A % of Revenue | - | 21.93% | 22.62% | 22.19% | 21.37% | 22.22% | 22.88% | 21.82% | 21.94% | 21.33% | 26.63% | 26.24% | 26.44% | 26.44% | 25.9% | 26.56% | 27.21% | 26.52% | 27.41% | 27.67% | 28.44% | 26.31% | 26.83% | 26.33% | 22.83% | 21.39% | 22.86% | 26.03% | 24.66% | 25.6% | 26.15% |
| Research & Development | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 87.3M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| R&D % of Revenue | - | - | - | - | - | 1.38% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Operating Expenses | -1000K | 0 | 9.5M | 61.2M | 53.8M | -11.9M | 19.3M | 20.8M | 38.8M | 63M | 15.7M | 61.5M | 5.2M | 25M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.7M | 41.1M | 30.7M | 72.4M | 11.2M | -2.5M | 5.5M | 7.5M | 10.3M | 1.1M | 57.4M | 54.8M | 49.3M | 63.8M |
| Operating Income | 1.23B | 1.09B | 1.06B | 963M | 863.6M | 1.02B | 999.5M | 957.7M | 891.1M | 699.8M | 641M | 548.4M | 603M | 550.5M | 578.3M | 540.3M | 509.8M | 466.9M | 376.5M | 354.2M | 269.6M | 343.5M | 332.7M | 295.5M | 262.4M | 219.6M | 225M | 194.9M | 185.1M | 167.7M | 151.4M |
| Operating Margin % | 15.97% | 15.96% | 15.77% | 14.45% | 13.6% | 16.07% | 17.84% | 17.91% | 16.8% | 14.48% | 14.53% | 12.76% | 14.21% | 13.35% | 14.41% | 14.61% | 15.28% | 14.63% | 11.85% | 12.15% | 9.92% | 13.25% | 13.17% | 13.02% | 11.31% | 9.25% | 10.6% | 9.71% | 9.84% | 9.31% | 8.74% |
| Operating Income Growth % | - | 2.98% | 10.1% | 11.51% | -14.92% | 1.56% | 4.36% | 7.47% | 27.34% | 9.17% | 16.89% | -9.05% | 9.54% | -4.81% | 7.03% | 5.98% | 9.19% | 24.01% | 6.3% | 31.38% | -21.51% | 3.25% | 12.59% | 12.61% | 19.49% | -2.4% | 15.44% | 5.29% | 10.38% | 10.77% | -24.71% |
| EBITDA | 1.43B | 1.32B | 1.27B | 1.16B | 1.06B | 1.2B | 1.16B | 1.12B | 1.04B | 825M | 749.7M | 654.3M | 705.7M | 656.5M | 681.1M | 638.6M | 604.9M | 561.2M | 462.1M | 436.8M | 356.4M | 418.1M | 404.7M | 360.8M | 329.2M | 292.6M | 286.3M | 252.3M | 239.9M | 217M | 215.2M |
| EBITDA Margin % | 18.56% | 19.34% | 18.88% | 17.45% | 16.76% | 19.02% | 20.79% | 20.88% | 19.65% | 17.07% | 16.99% | 15.23% | 16.63% | 15.92% | 16.97% | 17.27% | 18.13% | 17.58% | 14.55% | 14.98% | 13.12% | 16.13% | 16.02% | 15.9% | 14.19% | 12.33% | 13.48% | 12.57% | 12.75% | 12.05% | 12.42% |
| EBITDA Growth % | 10.61% | 4.26% | 9.19% | 9.22% | -11.42% | 3.17% | 4.3% | 7.17% | 26.28% | 10.04% | 14.58% | -7.28% | 7.49% | -3.61% | 6.66% | 5.57% | 7.79% | 21.45% | 5.79% | 22.56% | -14.76% | 3.31% | 12.17% | 9.6% | 12.51% | 2.2% | 13.48% | 5.17% | 10.55% | 0.84% | -18.73% |
| D&A (Non-Cash Add-back) | 198.8M | 231.3M | 208.8M | 199.3M | 200.6M | 186.3M | 165M | 158.8M | 150.7M | 125.2M | 108.7M | 105.9M | 102.7M | 106M | 102.8M | 98.3M | 95.1M | 94.3M | 85.6M | 82.6M | 86.8M | 74.6M | 72M | 65.3M | 66.8M | 73M | 61.3M | 57.4M | 54.8M | 49.3M | 63.8M |
| EBIT | 918.9M | 1.11B | 1.11B | 1.01B | 961.9M | 1.03B | 1.02B | 984.4M | 915.9M | 690.5M | 645.2M | 549.5M | 604.1M | 552.7M | 580.7M | 542.6M | 512M | 469.3M | 394.5M | 384.9M | 342M | 343.5M | 332.7M | 295.5M | 262.4M | 219.6M | 225M | 194.9M | 185.1M | 167.7M | 151.4M |
| Net Interest Income | -151.7M | -196.2M | -163.5M | -171.6M | -131.3M | -127.3M | -127.8M | -155.1M | -167.5M | -90M | -56M | -53.3M | -49.7M | -53.3M | -54.6M | -51.2M | -49.3M | -52.8M | -56.7M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Interest Income | 0 | 0 | 45.9M | 36.6M | 17.8M | 9.3M | 7.8M | 10.1M | 7.1M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Interest Expense | 214.4M | 196.2M | 209.4M | 208.2M | 149.1M | 136.6M | 135.6M | 165.2M | 174.6M | 90M | 56M | 53.3M | 49.7M | 53.3M | 54.6M | 51.2M | 49.3M | 52.8M | 56.7M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Income/Expense | 722.2M | -106.7M | -87.8M | -107.9M | -13M | -67.1M | -77.2M | -97.6M | -115M | -71.1M | -15.7M | -15.5M | -19.2M | -27.9M | -31.8M | -37.8M | -47.1M | -50.4M | -38.7M | -64.4M | -110.8M | -38.4M | -36.4M | -25.5M | -38.5M | -44.6M | -39M | -31.5M | -26.4M | -17.6M | -84M |
| Pretax Income | 1.74B | 985.2M | 972.5M | 855.1M | 850.6M | 948M | 922.3M | 860.1M | 776.1M | 628.7M | 625.3M | 532.9M | 583.8M | 522.6M | 547.6M | 516.8M | 462.7M | 416.5M | 337.8M | 323.8M | 242.9M | 316.3M | 293.8M | 270M | 223.9M | 175M | 186M | 163.4M | 158.7M | 150.1M | 67.4M |
| Pretax Margin % | 22.65% | 14.4% | 14.46% | 12.84% | 13.39% | 15% | 16.47% | 16.08% | 14.64% | 13.01% | 14.17% | 12.4% | 13.76% | 12.67% | 13.64% | 13.98% | 13.87% | 13.05% | 10.63% | 11.1% | 8.94% | 12.2% | 11.63% | 11.9% | 9.65% | 7.37% | 8.76% | 8.14% | 8.44% | 8.33% | 3.89% |
| Income Tax | 227.7M | 195.8M | 184M | 174.5M | 168.6M | 192.7M | 174.9M | 157.4M | -157.3M | 151.3M | 153M | 131.3M | 145.9M | 133.6M | 139.8M | 142.6M | 118M | 133M | 100.6M | 92.2M | 64.7M | 96.7M | 89M | 83.4M | 74.3M | 62.9M | 66.6M | 60.1M | 54.9M | 52.7M | 23.9M |
| Effective Tax Rate % | 13.08% | 19.87% | 18.92% | 20.41% | 19.82% | 20.33% | 18.96% | 18.3% | -20.27% | 24.07% | 24.47% | 24.64% | 24.99% | 25.56% | 25.53% | 27.59% | 25.5% | 31.93% | 29.78% | 28.47% | 26.64% | 30.57% | 30.29% | 30.89% | 33.18% | 35.94% | 35.81% | 36.78% | 34.59% | 35.11% | 35.46% |
| Net Income | 1.5B | 789.4M | 788.5M | 680.6M | 682M | 755.3M | 747.4M | 702.7M | 933.4M | 477.4M | 472.3M | 401.6M | 437.9M | 389M | 407.8M | 374.2M | 370.2M | 299.8M | 255.8M | 230.1M | 202.2M | 214.9M | 214.5M | 210.8M | 179.8M | 146.6M | 137.5M | 103.3M | 103.8M | 98.4M | 41.9M |
| Net Margin % | 19.47% | 11.54% | 11.73% | 10.22% | 10.74% | 11.95% | 13.34% | 13.14% | 17.6% | 9.88% | 10.71% | 9.35% | 10.32% | 9.43% | 10.16% | 10.12% | 11.09% | 9.39% | 8.05% | 7.89% | 7.44% | 8.29% | 8.49% | 9.29% | 7.75% | 6.18% | 6.48% | 5.15% | 5.52% | 5.46% | 2.42% |
| Net Income Growth % | 92.36% | 0.11% | 15.85% | -0.21% | -9.7% | 1.06% | 6.36% | -24.72% | 95.52% | 1.08% | 17.6% | -8.29% | 12.57% | -4.61% | 8.98% | 1.08% | 23.48% | 17.2% | 11.17% | 13.8% | -5.91% | 0.19% | 1.76% | 17.24% | 22.65% | 6.62% | 33.11% | -0.48% | 5.49% | 134.84% | -57.07% |
| Net Income (Continuing) | 1.51B | 789.4M | 788.5M | 680.6M | 682M | 755.3M | 747.4M | 702.7M | 933.4M | 477.4M | 472.3M | 401.6M | 437.9M | 389M | 407.8M | 374.2M | 344.7M | 283.5M | 237.2M | 230.1M | 202.2M | 214.9M | 214.5M | 199.2M | 173.8M | 137.1M | 137.5M | 103.3M | 103.8M | 97.4M | 43.5M |
| Discontinued Operations | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19.9M | 43.9M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Minority Interest | 583.8M | 31.6M | 25.8M | 22.8M | 18.7M | 14.5M | 13.9M | 12.5M | 11.3M | 11M | 11.5M | 16.7M | 17.2M | 15.2M | 17.3M | 16.8M | 9M | 0 | 0 | 9.9M | 3.6M | 29.2M | 31M | 22.2M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EPS (Diluted) | 5.56 | 2.93 | 2.92 | 2.52 | 2.52 | 2.80 | 2.78 | 2.62 | 3.50 | 1.86 | 1.85 | 1.56 | 1.67 | 1.46 | 1.52 | 1.40 | 1.38 | 1.14 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.26 | 0.50 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.07 |
| EPS Growth % | 91.35% | 0.34% | 15.87% | 0% | -10% | 0.72% | 6.11% | -25.14% | 88.17% | 0.54% | 18.59% | -6.59% | 14.38% | -3.95% | 8.57% | 1.45% | 21.05% | 17.53% | 11.49% | 16% | -3.85% | 2.63% | 2.7% | 17.46% | 142.31% | -48% | 38.89% | 2.86% | 118.75% | 146.15% | -78.33% |
| EPS (Basic) | - | 2.94 | 2.94 | 2.54 | 2.54 | 2.83 | 2.80 | 2.65 | 3.55 | 1.89 | 1.87 | 1.57 | 1.69 | 1.47 | 1.54 | 1.41 | 1.40 | 1.15 | 0.99 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.76 | 0.65 | 0.27 | 0.50 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.07 |
| Diluted Shares Outstanding | 269.4M | 269.3M | 269.6M | 269.8M | 270.2M | 269.9M | 269.1M | 268.2M | 266.69M | 256.8M | 256M | 258.4M | 262M | 267.2M | 268.6M | 268.6M | 269.4M | 264.6M | 263.6M | 266.01M | 269.6M | 275.51M | 282.24M | 284.86M | 285.4M | 280.11M | 277.78M | 288.95M | 294.47M | 255.37M | 312.82M |
| Basic Shares Outstanding | 269.3M | 268.6M | 268.5M | 268.4M | 268.2M | 267.3M | 266.5M | 265.2M | 262.93M | 253.6M | 253.2M | 256M | 259.8M | 264.2M | 265.4M | 265.4M | 265.8M | 261.6M | 258M | 258.54M | 264.31M | 268.63M | 273.25M | 279.21M | 278.76M | 275.7M | 275M | 284.97M | 292.39M | 255.37M | 312.82M |
| Dividend Payout Ratio | - | 61.19% | 8.47% | 61.49% | 58.17% | 48.1% | 44.17% | 43.01% | 29.29% | 49.77% | 46.11% | 51.02% | 43.94% | 46.25% | 40.39% | 39.68% | 37.33% | 41.83% | 44.37% | 45.02% | 46.98% | 40.11% | 35.85% | 30.41% | 32.59% | 37.59% | 38.04% | 47.14% | 45.18% | 46.24% | 108.11% |
Quick answers to the most common questions about buying MKC-V stock.
For fiscal year 2025, McCormick & Company, Incorporated (MKC-V) reported total revenue of $6.84B. This represents a 294.8% increase compared to $1.73B in 1996.
McCormick & Company, Incorporated (MKC-V) is profitable, generating $789.4M in net income for the fiscal year ending 2025 with a net profit margin of 11.5%.
McCormick & Company, Incorporated (MKC-V) reported an operating income of $1.09B, resulting in an operating profit margin of 16.0%. This margin reflects the operational efficiency of the business before interest and taxes.
McCormick & Company, Incorporated (MKC-V) generated $2.59B in gross profit for the year, representing a gross profit margin of 37.9%. This demonstrates the company's core pricing power and production efficiency.
Key Metrics
Top Statement Risk
Acquisition-driven growth masking EPS erosion
Metrics are mathematically derived from official filings.
Top-Line Inflection Appears Acquisition-Driven
McCormick's revenue growth accelerated from 2.9% in 2025Q4 to 17.4% in 2026Q3, with absolute sales rising from roughly $1.7 billion to $2.0 billion over six quarters, a step-change that appears inconsistent with organic momentum and suggests acquisition contribution may be masking weaker underlying demand.
The acceleration is abrupt rather than gradual: growth rates sat between -1.0% and 2.9% for the first seven quarters of the series before jumping to 16.7% in both 2026Q1 and 2026Q2 and 17.4% in 2026Q3. That pattern, combined with gross profit rising only from $708.9 million to $794.9 million across the same span, suggests the revenue step-up is being absorbed by incremental cost of goods rather than immediately flowing to profit, which would be more consistent with inorganic contribution than pricing-led organic expansion. Investors should scrutinize the revenue bridge in filings for the organic versus inorganic split before extrapolating this run-rate.
Pricing Power Supports Margin Recovery
As reported in recent financial statements, McCormick's gross margin recovered to 39.3% in 2026Q3 from a trough of 37.4% in 2025Q3, keeping the company in the upper tier of packaged-food peers where operating margins range from 3.1% at TreeHouse to 17.4% at Church & Dwight.
The 190-basis-point gross margin rebound from 2025Q3 to 2026Q3 indicates pricing actions or mix improvements are beginning to offset input cost pressures that compressed margins through mid-2025, a pattern more typical of a company with brand equity than a price-taking commodity processor. However, the margin has not yet returned to the 40.2% recorded in both 2024Q4 and 2026Q2, so the recovery still appears partial. Relative to Conagra (-14.4% operating margin) and Smucker (4.0%), McCormick's ability to hold margins near 38-40% suggests pricing power remains a genuine structural advantage rather than a cyclical artifact.
Overhead Scaling Faster Than Operating Profit
Per McCormick's reported income statements, SG&A rose from $352.5 million in 2025Q3 to $436.4 million in 2026Q3 even as operating margin slipped to 10.7% from 16.7%, indicating overhead is scaling faster than operating profit in the latest reported quarter.
Operating income actually declined from $288.7 million in 2025Q3 to $217.0 million in 2026Q3 despite roughly 17% higher revenue, which points to negative operating leverage in the current period and may reflect integration costs, amortization of acquired intangibles, or incremental distribution expense attached to the revenue gain. The 2026Q3 operating margin of 10.7% is the lowest in the ten-quarter series and sits well below the 17-18% levels seen in 2024Q4 and 2025Q4, so management's ability to convert the new revenue base into operating leverage remains unproven. The absence of reported R&D spend suggests innovation investment is likely captured within SG&A, which would make that line a key metric for gauging expense discipline.
Non-Operative Gain Distorts Reported Earnings
According to quarterly filings, McCormick reported $1.0 billion of net income in 2026Q1 on $1.9 billion of revenue — a 54.6% net margin — a figure that appears to reflect a large non-operating item rather than core operating performance.
That single quarter's net income exceeds the combined net income of the four preceding quarters ($594 million), so any trailing-twelve-month earnings multiple computed from it will be materially understated and should be normalized. Outside of 2026Q1, net margins cluster in a 4.8%-13.3% range, and diluted EPS of $0.36 in 2026Q3 is the lowest reading in the series, which suggests the reported earnings power is weaker than the headline annual figure implies. Stock-based compensation also stepped down materially to $5.2 million in 2026Q3 from $20.7 million in 2026Q1, though whether this reflects vesting cycles or reduced grants warrants closer review.
Growth Quality and Margin Compression Risks
Analysts skeptical of the narrative would note that diluted EPS declined 13.8% in 2026Q2 and 57.1% in 2026Q3 despite double-digit revenue growth, while gross margin remains below the 40.2% recorded in 2024Q4, suggesting acquisition costs and dilution may be offsetting top-line gains.
The bear case is that the 16-17% revenue growth rate is not durable organic momentum but an artifact of transaction accounting, and that once acquired volumes are annualized, growth will revert toward the sub-3% levels observed through 2024 and 2025 — rates that are consistent with the packaged-food peer set (TreeHouse at -2.3%, Hormel at 1.6%). Simultaneously, operating margin compression from 18.0% in 2025Q4 to 10.7% in 2026Q3, combined with falling EPS, would imply the cost of acquiring growth exceeds its near-term earnings contribution. If integration costs prove more persistent than assumed, investors could be left paying a premium for a growth profile that reverts to category-average without margin offset.