Free cash flow remains highly erratic, with margins swinging from a negative 6.6% in 2024Q1 to a peak of 9.8% in 2024Q3 due to heavy acquisition-related capital deployment.
| Metric | TTM | Dec'25 | Dec'24 | Dec'23 | Dec'22 | Dec'21 | Dec'20 | Dec'19 | Dec'18 | Dec'17 | Dec'16 | Dec'15 | Apr'14 | Apr'13 | Apr'12 | Apr'11 | Apr'10 | Apr'09 | Apr'08 | Apr'07 | Apr'06 | Apr'05 | Apr'04 | Apr'03 | Apr'02 | Apr'01 | Apr'00 | Apr'99 | Apr'98 | Apr'97 |
|---|
| Cash from Operations | 341.91M | 329.78M | 281.36M | 233.09M | 217.31M | 182.74M | 139.92M | 116.83M | 120.83M | 107.54M | 80.43M | 70.51M | 38.29M | 43.86M | 43.86M | 63.77M | 47.09M | 69.27M | 77.52M | 71.81M | 81.45M | 75.5M | 83.03M | 69.9M | 61.9M | 51.01M | 41.59M | 38.1M | 19.4M | 14.7M |
| Operating CF Margin % | - | 17.95% | 18.07% | 18.43% | 20.03% | 20.55% | 18.06% | 15.72% | 18.29% | 17.94% | 14.24% | 12.9% | 7.69% | 9.63% | 9.12% | 13.68% | 9.02% | 12.5% | 13.38% | 13.13% | 15.49% | 15.67% | 18.88% | 16.61% | 14.71% | 10.63% | 12.33% | 21.97% | 16.43% | 20.08% |
| Operating CF Growth % | 38.25% | 17.21% | 20.71% | 7.26% | 18.92% | 30.6% | 19.77% | -3.31% | 12.36% | 33.7% | 14.08% | 84.16% | -12.71% | 0% | -31.23% | 35.43% | -32.01% | -10.65% | 7.94% | -11.83% | 7.89% | -9.07% | 18.79% | 12.93% | 21.33% | 22.67% | 9.15% | 96.39% | 31.97% | - |
| Net Income | 7.14M | 7.87M | 13.54M | 25.4M | 53.08M | 41.1M | 91.11M | 31.65M | 6.42M | -21.8M | -6.85M | -12.97M | -9.03M | -49.98M | -49.66M | -78.31M | -3.7M | -15.25M | -67.98M | -4.02M | -16.61M | 11.51M | 7.21M | 5.38M | 7.48M | -101.53M | 11.68M | 9.1M | 2.7M | 0 |
| Depreciation & Amortization | 313.23M | 321.55M | 246.51M | 195.91M | 148.16M | 124.74M | 97.87M | 96.33M | 85.94M | 76.23M | 75.66M | 75.58M | 70.61M | 56.58M | 69.62M | 70.54M | 69.47M | 78.65M | 79.09M | 83.78M | 78.76M | 70.67M | 70.42M | 59.67M | 50.7M | 52.88M | 40.21M | 24.8M | 18.3M | 13.1M |
| Stock-Based Compensation | 14.51M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.47M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Deferred Taxes | 3.36M | 3.26M | 6.89M | 7.39M | 16.53M | 15.07M | -52.29M | -1.24M | 1.25M | -15.53M | 583K | 795K | 605K | -3.54M | -3.54M | 1.9M | -23.61M | 3.03M | 8.81M | -2.37M | -11.25M | 4.98M | 5.13M | -2M | 5.59M | -10.87M | 11.94M | 1.6M | 2.2M | 0 |
| Other Non-Cash Items | -26.51M | 41.33M | 45.02M | 23.97M | 10.79M | 14.89M | 28.4M | 18.7M | 32.56M | 73.22M | 20.44M | 5.74M | -12.22M | 37.71M | 26.86M | 63.41M | 10.39M | 5.39M | 62.48M | 6.19M | 26.49M | -4.52M | 1.64M | 7.22M | -9.44M | 91.41M | 2.55M | 2M | -1.9M | 400K |
| Working Capital Changes | 30.17M | -44.24M | -30.6M | -19.57M | -11.25M | -13.07M | -25.17M | -28.61M | -5.34M | -4.58M | -9.39M | 1.36M | -11.68M | 588K | 588K | 6.24M | -5.46M | -2.56M | -4.88M | -11.76M | 4.06M | -7.15M | -1.37M | -368K | 7.57M | 19.12M | -24.8M | 600K | -2.5M | 1.2M |
| Change in Receivables | 9.11M | -3.6M | 1.25M | -39.44M | -7.1M | -7.42M | 5.82M | -5.46M | -5.83M | -4.66M | -1.03M | -4.42M | -3.15M | 139K | 139K | 7.44M | -3.27M | -10.47M | 11.02M | -1.48M | -5.13M | -6.51M | -2.46M | -5.86M | 8.05M | 8.05M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Change in Inventory | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Change in Payables | -2.35M | -8.56M | -13.63M | 41.59M | 11.07M | 13.89M | -15.23M | 6.76M | 9.09M | 2.08M | 76K | -3.6M | -3.27M | 4.15M | 4.15M | 4.21M | 7.44M | 5.52M | -17.12M | -470K | 6.51M | -1.23M | 6.07M | 8.06M | -5.56M | -5.56M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cash from Investing | -454.51M | -469.15M | -670.61M | -1.01B | -206.92M | -293.15M | -140.03M | -177.46M | -164.2M | -76.45M | -62.96M | -48.78M | -57.87M | -89.19M | -91.59M | -71.29M | 70.59M | -61.26M | -65.37M | -84.73M | -100.32M | -150.67M | -103.75M | -123.66M | -9.53M | -55.56M | -156.34M | -88.5M | -56.5M | -50.3M |
| Capital Expenditures | -240.25M | -245.07M | -203.51M | -154.91M | -130.96M | -123.3M | -108.11M | -103.17M | -80.65M | -72.1M | -61.49M | -55.38M | -59.8M | -55.38M | -61.02M | -66.36M | -62.51M | -68.09M | -62.84M | -80.32M | -107.17M | -112.84M | -24.72M | -58.34M | -37.67M | -61.52M | -69.45M | -81M | -60.4M | -49.8M |
| CapEx % of Revenue | 12.8% | 13.34% | 13.07% | 12.25% | 12.07% | 13.87% | 13.96% | 13.88% | 12.21% | 12.03% | 10.88% | 10.13% | 12.02% | 12.16% | 12.69% | 14.24% | 11.97% | 12.28% | 10.84% | 14.68% | 20.38% | 23.41% | 5.62% | 13.86% | 8.95% | 12.82% | 20.59% | 46.71% | 51.14% | 68.03% |
| Acquisitions | -215.2M | -224.21M | -467.25M | -850.73M | -77.6M | -169.86M | -31.92M | -74.63M | -88.05M | -4.34M | -1.48M | 6.05M | 103K | -28.43M | -24.34M | -610K | 6.75M | 3.57M | -210K | -6.87M | 6.34M | -18.01M | -4.17M | -58.68M | -4.6M | -9.33M | -81.84M | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Investments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Investing | 942K | 137K | 146K | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 332K | 4.5M | 0 | 0 | 546K | 1.83M | -5.38M | -3.02M | 725K | 126.35M | 3.3M | 209K | 2.61M | 4.89M | -16.77M | -74.86M | 689K | 27.27M | 15.28M | -5.05M | -7.5M | 3.9M | -500K |
| Cash from Financing | -30.39M | -27.07M | 551.64M | 922.3M | 26.95M | -10.12M | 150.98M | 60.1M | 45.38M | -31.64M | -17.24M | -21.62M | 19.32M | 44.95M | 44.95M | 10.23M | -117.89M | -7.81M | -13.13M | 3.37M | 23.8M | 74.02M | 21.29M | 46.12M | -70.06M | 18.77M | 119.39M | 51.2M | 37.6M | 36.5M |
| Debt Issued (Net) | -22.36M | -27.07M | 56.45M | 425.98M | 27.76M | -10.29M | 6.09M | -46.32M | 44.9M | -32.92M | -18.71M | -24.94M | 24.91M | 9.27M | 136K | 9.1M | -118.5M | -8.07M | -14.75M | 76.95M | 22.19M | 72.59M | 22.69M | 44.74M | 18.62M | -73.63M | -37.74M | 117.25M | 2.92M | -4.27M |
| Equity Issued (Net) | 0 | 0 | 496.59M | 496.32M | 192K | 172K | 144.89M | 106.42M | 471K | 1.28M | 128K | 161K | 143K | 0 | 42.18M | 337K | 0 | 260K | 1.46M | -73.69M | 1.61M | 1.43M | 1.65M | 4.01M | 460K | 3.56M | 55M | 2.13M | 56.23M | 44.94M |
| Dividends Paid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.04M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Share Repurchases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -75.06M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.38M |
| Other Financing | -8.03M | 0 | -1.4M | 0 | -1M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.35M | 3.16M | -5.74M | -262K | 2.63M | 790K | 605K | 0 | 162K | 103K | 0 | 0 | -3.05M | -2.63M | -11.47M | 0 | 102.13M | -68.19M | -21.55M | -4.17M |
| Net Change in Cash | -233.89M | -259.53M | 162.39M | 149.76M | 37.34M | -120.53M | 150.87M | -536K | 2.01M | -549K | 232K | 31K | 450K | -2.78M | -2.78M | 4.53M | 0 | -432K | 413K | -12.34M | 12.36M | 2K | 70K | 0 | -17.7M | 14.21M | 4.63M | 800K | 600K | 900K |
| Free Cash Flow | 102.33M | 84.7M | 78.13M | 78.19M | 86.35M | 59.44M | 31.81M | 13.66M | 40.19M | 35.44M | 18.95M | 15.13M | -21.51M | -11.52M | -17.16M | -2.58M | -13.81M | 1.18M | 14.68M | -8.5M | -25.71M | -37.34M | 58.31M | 11.56M | 24.22M | -10.51M | -27.87M | -42.9M | -41M | -35.1M |
| FCF Margin % | 5.45% | 4.61% | 5.02% | 6.18% | 7.96% | 6.68% | 4.11% | 1.84% | 6.08% | 5.91% | 3.35% | 2.77% | -4.32% | -2.53% | -3.57% | -0.55% | -2.64% | 0.21% | 2.53% | -1.55% | -4.89% | -7.75% | 13.26% | 2.75% | 5.76% | -2.19% | -8.26% | -24.74% | -34.72% | -47.95% |
| FCF Growth % | 7.32% | 8.42% | -0.07% | -9.46% | 45.27% | 86.84% | 132.83% | -66% | 13.41% | 87.03% | 25.25% | 170.31% | -86.79% | 32.88% | -564.64% | 81.31% | -1271.59% | -91.97% | 272.69% | 66.94% | 31.14% | -164.04% | 404.29% | -52.26% | 330.57% | 62.31% | 35.03% | -4.63% | -16.81% | - |
| FCF per Share | 1.61 | 1.33 | 1.31 | 1.41 | 1.67 | 1.15 | 0.65 | 0.28 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.46 | 0.37 | -0.54 | -0.34 | -0.64 | -0.10 | -0.54 | 0.05 | 0.58 | -0.34 | -1.01 | -1.48 | 2.39 | 0.48 | 1.00 | -0.45 | -1.45 | -2.68 | -4.29 | -4.79 |
| FCF Conversion (FCF/Net Income) | 14.33x | 41.90x | 20.79x | 9.18x | 4.09x | 4.45x | 1.54x | 3.69x | 18.82x | -4.93x | -11.74x | -5.44x | -1.66x | -0.81x | -0.57x | 1.66x | -3.40x | -1.02x | -9.89x | -4.02x | 7.34x | 10.39x | 10.24x | -1.17x | 8.27x | -0.50x | 3.76x | 4.19x | 7.19x | - |
| Interest Paid | 15.49M | 0 | 61.22M | 43.59M | 21M | 19.02M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35.16M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Taxes Paid | -588K | 0 | 6.78M | 10.11M | 2.8M | 1.44M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 532K | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acquisition-driven cash flow volatility
According to the provided quarterly data, Casella’s operating cash flow consistently dwarfs net income, with OCF/NI ratios frequently reaching extreme levels, such as the -38.46 observed in 2025Q4, indicating that reported net income is a poor proxy for the company's actual underlying cash generation capabilities.
The massive divergence between net income and operating cash flow suggests that heavy non-cash charges, primarily depreciation and amortization, are significantly depressing bottom-line profitability. Investors should interpret this as a sign that the company's accounting earnings are heavily influenced by the capital-intensive nature of its landfill assets rather than operational efficiency.
Based on reported financial statements, Casella’s free cash flow trajectory remains highly erratic, with margins swinging from a negative 6.6% in 2024Q1 to a peak of 9.8% in 2024Q3, reflecting the ongoing struggle to balance aggressive acquisition spending with consistent operational cash inflows.
The inconsistency in free cash flow generation suggests that the company's ability to self-fund its growth is currently compromised. This volatility warrants further investigation into whether the business can achieve sustainable cash flow margins comparable to national peers without relying on external financing.
As reported in recent filings, Casella’s capital intensity remains elevated, with CapEx/Revenue ratios frequently exceeding 13%, which highlights the significant ongoing investment required to maintain landfill capacity and fleet infrastructure in a highly competitive and regulated Northeast disposal market.
The persistent level of capital expenditure suggests that a substantial portion of operating cash flow is immediately recycled back into the business to sustain operations. This capital-heavy model may limit the company's flexibility to navigate economic downturns or unexpected regulatory compliance costs.
Based on the provided cash flow data, Casella has prioritized aggressive inorganic growth, with net acquisition spending reaching as high as $257.7M in 2024Q3, effectively absorbing the majority of generated cash flow and leaving little room for shareholder returns or significant debt reduction.
The reliance on acquisitions to drive growth appears to be the primary driver of the company's cash allocation strategy. Investors should monitor whether these investments are yielding sufficient returns to justify the continued depletion of cash that could otherwise be used to strengthen the balance sheet.
Quick answers to the most common questions about buying CWST stock.
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. (CWST) generated $329.8M in net cash from operating activities in 2025. This reflects the cash generated directly from core business operations.
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. (CWST) generated $84.7M in free cash flow in 2025. Free cash flow is the cash left over after capital expenditures, which can be used to pay dividends, repurchase shares, or pay down debt.
Casella Waste Systems, Inc. (CWST) spent $245.1M on capital expenditures in 2025. CapEx represents the cash invested in physical assets like property, plant, and equipment to maintain or grow the business.