← Back to Screener
ScreenerNewsCompareWatchlist
VCP ScannerFree US Stock Screener & Financial AnalysisFree US Stock Screener
ScreenerThemesNewsCompareWatchlist
AnalyzeValuationTotal ReturnDCA CalculatorInsider Activity

UPWK logoUpwork Inc.(UPWK)Earnings, Financials & Key Ratios

UPWK•NASDAQ
$10.08
$1.32B mkt cap·12.0× P/E·Price updated May 6, 2026
SectorIndustrialsIndustryStaffing & HRSub-IndustryDigital Job and Talent Marketplaces
AboutUpwork Inc., together with its subsidiaries, operates a work marketplace that connects businesses with various independent professionals and agencies in the United States, India, the Philippines, and internationally. The company's work marketplace provides access to talent with various skills across a range of categories, including sales and marketing, customer service, data science and analytics, design and creative, web, mobile, and software development. Its work marketplace also enables clients to streamline workflows, such as talent sourcing, outreach, and contracting. The company's work marketplace offers access to various functionalities for remote engagements with talent, including communication and collaboration, ability to receive talent invoices through their work marketplace, and payment protection. Its marketplace offerings include Upwork Basic, Upwork Plus, Upwork Enterprise, and Upwork Payroll, as well as managed and internet escrow agency services. The company was formerly known as Elance-oDesk, Inc. and changed its name to Upwork Inc. in May 2015. Upwork Inc. was incorporated in 2013 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California.Show more
  • Revenue$788M+2.4%
  • EBITDA$156M+88.0%
  • Net Income$115M-46.5%
  • EPS (Diluted)0.84-44.7%
  • Gross Margin77.82%+0.6%
  • EBITDA Margin19.77%+83.6%
  • Operating Margin16.41%+93.7%
  • Net Margin14.65%-47.7%
  • ROE19.15%-57.5%
  • ROIC14.43%+93.0%
  • Debt/Equity0.59-8.6%
Technical→

UPWK Key Insights

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) fundamental analysis — strengths, weaknesses & financial health based on data analysis

✓Strengths

  • ✓Excellent 3Y average ROE of 26.4%
  • ✓FCF machine: 30.8% free cash flow margin
  • ✓High quality earnings: Operating CF exceeds net income
  • ✓Strong 5Y sales CAGR of 16.1%

✗Weaknesses

  • ✗Weak momentum: RS Rating 11 (bottom 11%)
  • ✗Trading more than 30% below 52-week high

* These insights are generated automatically based on available financial data. Please conduct your own research before making investment decisions.

UPWK Price & Volume

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) stock price & volume — 10-year historical chart

Loading chart...

UPWK Growth Metrics

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) revenue, earnings & EPS growth — 3, 5 & 10-year CAGR

Revenue CAGR

10 Years-
5 Years16.09%
3 Years8.41%
TTM2.4%

Profit CAGR

10 Years-
5 Years-
3 Years-
TTM-29.37%

EPS CAGR

10 Years-
5 Years-
3 Years-
TTM-45.75%

Return on Capital

10 Years-2.78%
5 Years0.46%
3 Years7.51%
Last Year16.24%

UPWK Recent Earnings

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) EPS & revenue vs analyst estimates — last 4 quarters

Full history →
●Beat EPS 10/12 qtrs (83%)●Beat Revenue 12/12 qtrs (100%)
Q1 2026Latest
Feb 9, 2026
EPS
$0.12
Est $0.23
-47.8%
Revenue
$198M
Est $198M
+0.4%
Q4 2025
Nov 3, 2025
EPS
$0.21
Est $0.25
-16.0%
Revenue
$202M
Est $198M
+2.1%
Q3 2025
Aug 6, 2025
EPS
$0.35
Est $0.26
+34.6%
Revenue
$195M
Est $188M
+4.0%
Q2 2025
May 5, 2025
EPS
$0.34
Est $0.25
+36.0%
Revenue
$193M
Est $187M
+3.0%
QuarterDateEPS (Act vs Est)Revenue (Act vs Est)
Q1 2026LatestFeb 9, 2026
$0.12vs $0.23-47.8%
$198Mvs $198M+0.4%
Q4 2025Nov 3, 2025
$0.21vs $0.25-16.0%
$202Mvs $198M+2.1%
Q3 2025Aug 6, 2025
$0.35vs $0.26+34.6%
$195Mvs $188M+4.0%
Q2 2025May 5, 2025
$0.34vs $0.25+36.0%
$193Mvs $187M+3.0%
Based on last 12 quarters of dataView full earnings history →

UPWK Peer Comparison

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) competitors in Digital Job and Talent Marketplaces — business model, growth, and fundamentals comparison

Select Columns
Stock Universe
Valuation
Growth
Profitability
Financial Health
Dividends & Buybacks
Price Performance
Technical
Fundamentals ($)
Sector-Specific
CompanyMarket CapStock PriceP/E Ratio (TTM)Revenue Growth 1YNet MarginReturn on Equity (ROE)FCF YieldDebt / Equity
FVRR logoFVRRFiverr International Ltd.Direct Competitor404.81M11.2620.1110.07%6.7%7.03%25.68%0.01
TASK logoTASKTaskUs, Inc.Direct Competitor367.62M6.686.13-185.4%11.75%17.05%20.05%0.50
FLNT logoFLNTFluent, Inc.Direct Competitor86.2M2.92-2.78-18.01%-13.01%-134.23%2.07
RELY logoRELYRemitly Global, Inc.Direct Competitor4.97B23.7376.5529.37%1.36%2.63%5.95%0.22
HIMS logoHIMSHims & Hers Health, Inc.Product Competitor6.94B26.8852.7159%5.47%23.73%1.07%2.07
ANGI logoANGIAngi Inc.Product Competitor192.1M4.795.10-13.04%1.93%2.06%23.67%0.54
TRUP logoTRUPTrupanion, Inc.Product Competitor1.08B24.9455.4211.95%1.74%6.87%6.96%0.29
CWAN logoCWANClearwater Analytics Holdings, Inc.Product Competitor6.59B24.27-173.3661.88%-5.31%-1.91%2.5%0.42

Compare UPWK vs Peers

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) vs competitors — business, growth, and fundamentals comparison against the closest industry rivals.

Closest Rival

vs FVRR

Most directly comparable listed peer for UPWK.

Scale Benchmark

vs GOOGL

Larger-name benchmark to compare UPWK against a more recognizable public peer.

Peer Set

Compare Top 5

vs FVRR, TASK, FLNT, RELY

UPWK Income Statement

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) annual income statement — 10-year revenue, gross profit & net income history

10Y historyFree accessUpdated daily
Line itemDec'17Dec'18Dec'19Dec'20Dec'21Dec'22Dec'23Dec'24Dec'25
Sales/Revenue202.55M253.35M300.56M373.63M502.8M618.32M689.14M769.33M787.78M
Revenue Growth %23.17%25.08%18.63%24.31%34.57%22.98%11.45%11.64%2.4%
Cost of Goods Sold65.44M81.46M88.14M104.27M135.51M160.4M170.45M174.09M174.75M
COGS % of Revenue32.31%32.15%29.33%27.91%26.95%25.94%24.73%22.63%22.18%
Gross Profit
137.11M▲ 0%
171.9M▲ 25.4%
212.42M▲ 23.6%
269.36M▲ 26.8%
367.29M▲ 36.4%
457.92M▲ 24.7%
518.69M▲ 13.3%
595.23M▲ 14.8%
613.03M▲ 3.0%
Gross Margin %67.69%67.85%70.67%72.09%73.05%74.06%75.27%77.37%77.82%
Gross Profit Growth %34.6%25.37%23.57%26.81%36.36%24.67%13.27%14.76%2.99%
Operating Expenses140.23M183.61M231.15M291.77M421.51M550.54M529.95M530.02M475.58M
OpEx % of Revenue69.23%72.47%76.91%78.09%83.83%89.04%76.9%68.89%60.37%
Selling, General & Admin90.38M122.3M163.22M204.74M296.38M370.83M339.61M314.01M290.04M
SG&A % of Revenue44.62%48.27%54.3%54.8%58.95%59.97%49.28%40.82%36.82%
Research & Development45.6M55.49M64.03M83.47M119.08M154.55M177.36M209.28M185.54M
R&D % of Revenue22.51%21.9%21.3%22.34%23.68%25%25.74%27.2%23.55%
Other Operating Expenses-62K-6.14M3.9M3.56M6.05M25.15M12.98M6.73M0
Operating Income
-3.12M▲ 0%
-11.71M▼ 275.0%
-18.73M▼ 59.9%
-22.41M▼ 19.6%
-54.22M▼ 142.0%
-92.62M▼ 70.8%
-11.26M▲ 87.8%
65.21M▲ 679.1%
129.31M▲ 98.3%
Operating Margin %-1.54%-4.62%-6.23%-6%-10.78%-14.98%-1.63%8.48%16.41%
Operating Income Growth %78.41%-275.02%-59.94%-19.62%-141.95%-70.84%87.84%679.09%98.31%
EBITDA1.06M-6.76M-9.29M-8.38M-40.41M-81.49M1.46M82.86M155.76M
EBITDA Margin %0.52%-2.67%-3.09%-2.24%-8.04%-13.18%0.21%10.77%19.77%
EBITDA Growth %117.7%-736.22%-37.32%9.81%-382.46%-101.65%101.79%5582.85%87.99%
D&A (Non-Cash Add-back)4.19M4.95M9.45M14.03M13.81M11.14M12.72M17.65M26.45M
EBIT-3.19M-17.85M-15.32M-21.94M-53.94M-92.62M-11.26M65.21M153.18M
Net Interest Income-960K-2.04M-1.31M-778K-2.18M-4.48M028M0
Interest Income000000030.7M0
Interest Expense960K2.04M1.31M778K2.18M4.48M02.7M0
Other Income/Expense-1.02M-8.18M2.1M-309K-1.9M3.27M60.14M25.22M23.87M
Pretax Income
-4.14M▲ 0%
-19.89M▼ 379.9%
-16.63M▲ 16.4%
-22.72M▼ 36.6%
-56.12M▼ 147.0%
-89.35M▼ 59.2%
48.88M▲ 154.7%
90.43M▲ 85.0%
153.18M▲ 69.4%
Pretax Margin %-2.05%-7.85%-5.53%-6.08%-11.16%-14.45%7.09%11.75%19.44%
Income Tax-22K15K28K150K122K536K1.99M-125.16M37.75M
Effective Tax Rate %0.53%-0.08%-0.17%-0.66%-0.22%-0.6%4.07%-138.41%24.65%
Net Income
-4.12M▲ 0%
-19.91M▼ 382.8%
-16.66M▲ 16.3%
-22.87M▼ 37.3%
-56.24M▼ 145.9%
-89.89M▼ 59.8%
46.89M▲ 152.2%
215.59M▲ 359.8%
115.42M▼ 46.5%
Net Margin %-2.04%-7.86%-5.54%-6.12%-11.19%-14.54%6.8%28.02%14.65%
Net Income Growth %74.6%-382.83%16.32%-37.27%-145.94%-59.82%152.16%359.8%-46.46%
Net Income (Continuing)-4.12M-19.91M-16.66M-22.87M-56.24M-89.89M46.89M215.59M115.42M
Discontinued Operations000000000
Minority Interest000000000
EPS (Diluted)
-0.04▲ 0%
-0.19▼ 341.9%
-0.15▲ 21.1%
-0.19▼ 26.7%
-0.44▼ 131.6%
-0.69▼ 56.8%
0.34▲ 149.3%
1.52▲ 347.1%
0.84▼ 44.7%
EPS Growth %91.4%-341.86%21.05%-26.67%-131.58%-56.82%149.28%347.06%-44.74%
EPS (Basic)-0.04-0.19-0.15-0.19-0.44-0.690.351.610.87
Diluted Shares Outstanding95.93M103.72M109.81M118.7M127.16M130.52M137.26M143.15M140.66M
Basic Shares Outstanding95.93M103.72M109.81M118.7M127.16M130.52M134.77M133.62M132.49M
Dividend Payout Ratio---------

UPWK Balance Sheet

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) balance sheet — assets, liabilities & shareholders' equity

Line itemDec'17Dec'18Dec'19Dec'20Dec'21Dec'22Dec'23Dec'24Dec'25
Total Current Assets144.13M255.88M280.63M360.8M929.65M930.91M883.37M911.05M950.83M
Cash & Short-Term Investments21.59M129.13M133.87M169.65M684.77M686.61M550.1M622.1M672.78M
Cash Only21.59M129.13M48.39M94.08M187.21M129.38M79.64M305.76M294.36M
Short-Term Investments0085.48M75.57M497.57M557.23M470.46M316.34M378.43M
Accounts Receivable30.76M22.32M30.16M47.02M66.83M64.89M103.06M75.49M76.24M
Days Sales Outstanding55.4332.1536.6245.9348.5138.354.5935.8235.32
Inventory000000000
Days Inventory Outstanding---------
Other Current Assets89M98.19M108.72M135.04M160.81M161.46M230.21M213.46M201.82M
Total Non-Current Assets131.06M135.69M165.75M168.43M151.41M149.34M154.17M300.56M348.75M
Property, Plant & Equipment3.51M10.81M43.36M47.87M32.01M29.67M31.47M35.81M49.43M
Fixed Asset Turnover57.64x23.43x6.93x7.81x15.71x20.84x21.90x21.48x15.94x
Goodwill118.22M118.22M118.22M118.22M118.22M118.22M118.22M121.06M149.19M
Intangible Assets8.67M6M3.33M667K003.05M12.99M37.16M
Long-Term Investments0500K0000000
Other Non-Current Assets658K653K829K1.67M1.18M1.45M1.43M1.92M1.47M
Total Assets
275.19M▲ 0%
391.57M▲ 42.3%
446.38M▲ 14.0%
529.23M▲ 18.6%
1.08B▲ 104.3%
1.08B▼ 0.1%
1.04B▼ 4.0%
1.21B▲ 16.8%
1.3B▲ 7.3%
Asset Turnover0.74x0.65x0.67x0.71x0.47x0.57x0.66x0.63x0.61x
Asset Growth %10.25%42.29%14%18.56%104.27%-0.08%-3.95%16.78%7.26%
Total Current Liabilities114.64M127.6M149.1M198.75M233.63M247.69M293M268.43M650.17M
Accounts Payable462K2.07M652K6.46M5M7.55M5.06M6.13M188.61M
Days Payables Outstanding2.589.292.722.613.4617.1810.8412.85393.94
Short-Term Debt10.34M5.67M7.58M7.58M0000359.77M
Deferred Revenue (Current)614K722K13.8M16.8M22.08M25.07M17.36M7.27M7.76M
Other Current Liabilities94.83M108.19M5.79M14.21M24.06M19.37M26.98M31.52M94.02M
Current Ratio1.26x2.01x1.88x1.82x3.98x3.76x3.01x3.39x1.46x
Quick Ratio1.26x2.01x1.88x1.82x3.98x3.76x3.01x3.39x1.46x
Cash Conversion Cycle---------
Total Non-Current Liabilities191.91M20.23M37.86M31.17M587.91M583.67M363.46M367.8M19.1M
Long-Term Debt23.49M18.24M10.7M3.14M561.3M564.26M356.09M357.93M9.71M
Capital Lease Obligations0021.19M20.51M16.75M11.18M6.09M9.57M9.71M
Deferred Tax Liabilities000000000
Other Non-Current Liabilities168.42M1.99M5.97M7.52M9.86M8.24M1.29M308K-317K
Total Liabilities306.56M147.83M186.96M229.92M821.54M831.37M656.47M636.24M669.26M
Total Debt33.83M23.91M42.68M34.95M584.37M581.94M367.86M369.12M369.48M
Net Debt12.24M-105.22M-5.71M-59.13M397.16M452.56M288.22M63.36M75.12M
Debt / Equity-0.10x0.16x0.12x2.25x2.34x0.97x0.64x0.59x
Debt / EBITDA31.83x-----252.31x4.45x2.37x
Net Debt / EBITDA11.51x-----197.68x0.76x0.48x
Interest Coverage-3.25x-5.75x-14.34x-28.80x-24.87x-20.66x-24.15x-
Total Equity
-31.37M▲ 0%
243.75M▲ 877.1%
259.42M▲ 6.4%
299.31M▲ 15.4%
259.52M▼ 13.3%
248.88M▼ 4.1%
381.07M▲ 53.1%
575.38M▲ 51.0%
630.32M▲ 9.5%
Equity Growth %-4.1%877.07%6.43%15.37%-13.29%-4.1%53.12%50.99%9.55%
Book Value per Share-0.332.352.362.522.041.912.784.024.48
Total Shareholders' Equity-31.37M243.75M259.42M299.31M259.52M248.88M381.07M575.38M630.32M
Common Stock3K11K11K12K13K13K14K14K13K
Retained Earnings-123.59M-143.5M-171.96M-194.82M-251.06M-340.95M-294.06M-78.48M36.95M
Treasury Stock000000000
Accumulated OCI-123.59M-143.5M-171.96M0-528K-3.08M205K264K754K
Minority Interest000000000

UPWK Cash Flow Statement

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) cash flow — operating, investing & free cash flow history

Line itemDec'17Dec'18Dec'19Dec'20Dec'21Dec'22Dec'23Dec'24Dec'25
Cash from Operations-4M13.74M1.06M22.36M10.84M11.5M52.71M153.56M248.26M
Operating CF Margin %-1.98%5.42%0.35%5.99%2.16%1.86%7.65%19.96%31.51%
Operating CF Growth %-227.1%443.51%-92.3%2013.89%-51.55%6.1%358.45%191.35%61.67%
Net Income-4.12M-19.91M-16.66M-22.87M-56.24M-89.89M46.89M215.59M115.42M
Depreciation & Amortization4.19M4.95M10.61M14.03M13.81M11.14M12.72M17.65M26.45M
Stock-Based Compensation6.85M10.36M18.8M25.51M53.59M75.5M74.19M68.39M65.39M
Deferred Taxes4.43M11.48M2.69M0000-129.26M18.49M
Other Non-Cash Items49K77K52K3.45M16.15M25.53M-41.85M-3.81M1.1M
Working Capital Changes-15.39M6.78M-14.42M2.24M-16.47M-10.79M-39.24M-14.99M21.4M
Change in Receivables-8.86M3.51M-10.92M-20M-24.61M-15.29M-22.18M-4.8M-3.28M
Change in Inventory-6.63M1.56M-6.48M000000
Change in Payables74K1.61M-1.46M5.82M-1.45M2.58M-2.51M969K-1.16M
Cash from Investing-2.11M-7.29M-100.92M-4.15M-428.98M-69.47M88.27M137.57M-136.94M
Capital Expenditures-2.32M-6.84M-16.64M-6.32M-1.03M-1.25M-692K-3.53M-5.79M
CapEx % of Revenue1.14%2.7%5.54%1.69%0.2%0.2%0.1%0.46%0.73%
Acquisitions005.89M0000-14.33M-58.41M
Investments---------
Other Investing208K-444K-5.89M-8.04M-5.11M-7.49M-15.66M-10.92M-11.15M
Cash from Financing381K101.07M29.4M54.64M537.74M1.14M-139.79M-81.96M-138M
Debt Issued (Net)16.78M-10M-5.68M-7.62M564.25M0-171.33M00
Equity Issued (Net)-1000K1000K00000-1000K-1000K
Dividends Paid000000000
Share Repurchases-19.21M000000-100M-135.96M
Other Financing010.74M35.08M62.26M-26.51M1.14M31.54M18.04M-6.73M
Net Change in Cash
-5.73M▲ 0%
107.53M▲ 1976.3%
-70.46M▼ 165.5%
72.86M▲ 203.4%
119.59M▲ 64.1%
-56.83M▼ 147.5%
1.19M▲ 102.1%
209.18M▲ 17522.2%
-26.68M▼ 112.8%
Free Cash Flow
-6.32M▲ 0%
6.9M▲ 209.2%
-15.58M▼ 325.7%
8M▲ 151.3%
4.7M▼ 41.3%
2.76M▼ 41.2%
36.36M▲ 1215.4%
139.12M▲ 282.6%
242.47M▲ 74.3%
FCF Margin %-3.12%2.72%-5.18%2.14%0.93%0.45%5.28%18.08%30.78%
FCF Growth %-374.54%209.22%-325.7%151.35%-41.26%-41.18%1215.38%282.65%74.29%
FCF per Share-0.070.07-0.140.070.040.020.260.971.72
FCF Conversion (FCF/Net Income)0.97x-0.69x-0.06x-0.98x-0.19x-0.13x1.12x0.71x2.15x
Interest Paid847K1.98M1.29M764K373K1.54M1.32M920K0
Taxes Paid55K13K42K0001.98M4.59M0

UPWK Key Ratios

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) financial ratios — P/E, ROE, debt and 30+ core market and balance-sheet ratios

Metric2016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Return on Equity (ROE)---18.75%-6.62%-8.19%-20.13%-35.36%14.89%45.08%19.15%
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)---14.71%-7.16%-6.81%-9.07%-10.23%-1.23%7.48%14.43%
Gross Margin61.95%67.69%67.85%70.67%72.09%73.05%74.06%75.27%77.37%77.82%
Net Margin-9.87%-2.04%-7.86%-5.54%-6.12%-11.19%-14.54%6.8%28.02%14.65%
Debt / Equity--0.10x0.16x0.12x2.25x2.34x0.97x0.64x0.59x
Interest Coverage-16.86x-3.25x-5.75x-14.34x-28.80x-24.87x-20.66x-24.15x-
FCF Conversion-0.19x0.97x-0.69x-0.06x-0.98x-0.19x-0.13x1.12x0.71x2.15x
Revenue Growth-23.17%25.08%18.63%24.31%34.57%22.98%11.45%11.64%2.4%

UPWK SEC Filings & Documents

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) SEC filings — annual & quarterly reports (10-K, 10-Q)

8-K Announcements

6
Material company update

Mar 18, 2026·SEC

Material company update

Feb 18, 2026·SEC

Material company update

Feb 9, 2026·SEC

10-K Annual Reports

3
FY 2026

Feb 13, 2026·SEC

FY 2025

Feb 13, 2025·SEC

FY 2024

Feb 15, 2024·SEC

10-Q Quarterly Reports

6
FY 2025

Nov 4, 2025·SEC

FY 2025

Aug 6, 2025·SEC

FY 2025

May 5, 2025·SEC

UPWK Frequently Asked Questions

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) stock FAQ — growth, dividends, profitability & financials explained

Growth & Financials

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) reported $787.8M in revenue for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 379% increase from $164.4M in 2016.

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) grew revenue by 2.4% over the past year. Growth has been modest.

Yes, Upwork Inc. (UPWK) is profitable, generating $152.3M in net income for fiscal year 2025 (14.7% net margin).

Dividend & Returns

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) has a return on equity (ROE) of 19.1%. This is reasonable for most industries.

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) generated $233.6M in free cash flow for fiscal year 2025. Positive FCF indicates the company can fund dividends, buybacks, or reinvestment.

Explore More UPWK

Upwork Inc. (UPWK) financial analysis — history, returns, DCA and operating performance tools

Total Return Calculator

Historical returns with dividends reinvested

→

DCA Calculator

Dollar cost averaging vs lump sum

→

Dividend History

Yield, growth, payout safety & DRIP

→

Earnings History

EPS trends, net income & profitability

→

Price History

Long-term charts & historical price data

→

Revenue History

Sales growth patterns & revenue breakdown

→

Financial Ratios

30 years of market, efficiency and balance-sheet ratios

→

Valuation

DCF intrinsic value, peer multiples & estimates

→
VCP ScannerFree US Stock Screener & Financial Analysis

Find stocks. Verify deeply. Act with conviction.

Patterns find ideas. Fundamentals build conviction.

Data updated daily

Quick Links

  • Home
  • Screener
  • Themes
  • Market Valuation
  • Valuation
  • Compare
  • Total Return
  • DCA Calculator
  • News
  • Insights
  • Methodology
  • How It Works
  • Profile

Popular Screens

  • VCP Hot
  • VCP Warm
  • Value Screens
  • Growth Screens
  • Momentum Screens
  • Technical Screens
  • Quality Screens

Community

  • Follow @VCPScanner on X

Get weekly stock ideas — free

© 2026 VCP Scanner. All rights reserved.
About·Privacy Policy·Terms of Service
Not financial advice. Do your own research.