What the market is pricing
Wide range: intrinsic value is highly sensitive to assumptions — use the scenario analysis to anchor your view.
Valuation range
Red = below today's price. Green = above.
IBM fair value — three scenarios
At today's price of $229.03, start with the base case.
Downside — if growth disappoints
Use this if growth slows, margins stay weak, or investors demand more return.
Most likely outcome
Start here unless you have a strong reason to disagree with the base case.
Upside — if execution beats expectations
Use this if the company grows faster or earns more than the base case assumes.
DCF key assumptions
These three inputs drive most of the intrinsic value estimate. If your view of the business differs on any of them, adjust the scenario above — the fair value will shift accordingly.
Revenue growth forecast
Fades to 3.8% in years 6-10
The model sits a bit above reported 5Y CAGR, so it still needs some improvement from recent history.
Operating margin forecast
Current operating margin (TTM): 16.4%
The model holds margins near the current run-rate — no heroic profitability improvement required.
WACC (required return)
Terminal growth 2.8% | Spread 4.8 pts
Only 4.8 pts separates WACC and terminal growth — small assumption changes can move fair value sharply.
All DCF inputs
High-impact inputs are the ones most likely to change the intrinsic value estimate if you disagree.
Revenue growth (years 1-5)
Average annual revenue growth assumed across the first five forecast years.
Revenue growth (years 6-10)
Growth gradually fades toward a long-run sustainable rate in the second forecast decade.
Operating margin (year 1 → year 10)
Profitability path used to convert revenue into free cash flow across the forecast period.
CapEx & reinvestment
How much of operating profit is spent on CapEx and working capital instead of being distributed as free cash flow.
WACC — weighted average cost of capital
Built from beta 1.02, risk-free rate, and equity risk premium. A higher WACC compresses intrinsic value quickly.
Terminal growth rate
Perpetual growth rate applied after year 10 — sets the size of the terminal value that drives most of the DCF.
Free cash flows to the firm discounted at WACC (enterprise model). Forecast source: analyst estimates. If your view of the business differs on any of these inputs, the bear and bull scenarios above show how the fair value shifts.
Revenue growth — history vs. model forecast
Past revenue growth
4.1%
5-year avg.
3-year avg. 3.7%
+1.6 pts
vs forecast
DCF base-case forecast
5.8%
Avg years 1–5
Tapering to 3.8% in years 6–10
The model asks for 5.8% growth versus 4.1% historically — it still needs the business to improve on recent results.
Profitability today (TTM)
16.4%
Operating margin TTM
19.0%
FCF margin TTM
DCF model type
Analyst estimates
FCFF (Operating)
Cash flow measure: Operating margin
The first decade contributes real value, but the terminal value still accounts for the majority of International Business Machines Corporation's DCF estimate.
In the base case, 35% of intrinsic value comes from the 10-year forecast and 65% from the terminal value. The higher the terminal value share, the more the fair value depends on long-run growth assumptions rather than near-term execution.
Base-case value split
35%
Years 1-10
65%
After Year 10
Dark = Years 1-10. Amber = after Year 10.
Cash flow path
$14.0B → $20.7B
Year 1 to Year 10 base case
The base case assumes free cash flow stays broadly steady through the decade.
Use it as a range — lean on the scenario spread above and the sensitivity analysis further down the page.
How the score is calculated
Model limitations
Terminal value is notable
-6 ptsAbout 60-70% of the DCF depends on what happens after Year 10, so the model is less anchored in near-term execution.
Limited data coverage
-2 ptsSome inputs could not be fully verified from available sources, so the estimate carries a wider margin of uncertainty.
Model strengths
Sufficient operating history
✓ PassAt least five years of annual history feed the model, so the forecast is not starting from a thin base.
Analyst-backed revenue forecast
✓ PassRevenue and margin assumptions are based on analyst estimates, not just historical trends.
DCF sensitivity analysis
Small changes in WACC or terminal growth can shift the intrinsic value estimate significantly. This table tests whether International Business Machines Corporation still looks undervalued, fairly priced, or overvalued when those assumptions are adjusted up or down.
WACC × terminal growth
Each cell tests a different WACC and terminal growth combination. Top-left is the harshest. Bottom-right is the most forgiving.
| Terminal growth rate — lower is more conservative ← → higher is more optimistic | |||||
| WACC↑ higher = lower value↓ lower = higher value | 1.8% | 2.3% | 2.8%Base | 3.3% | 3.8% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9.5% | -24%$175.04 | -20%$183.70 | -15%$193.65 | -10%$205.19 | -4%$218.74 |
| 8.5% | -8%$210.80 | -2%$223.33 | +4%$238.04 | +12%$255.56 | +21%$276.76 |
| 7.5%Base | +13%$259.08 | +21%$278.12 | Base+31%$301.17 | +44%$329.63 | +60%$365.69 |
| 6.5% | +43%$327.80 | +57%$358.77 | +74%$397.99 | +96%$449.29 | +127%$519.23 |
| 5.5% | +89%$433.32 | +114%$489.16 | +147%$565.31 | +195%$675.29 | +270%$848.12 |
What to do with this
The discount to intrinsic value holds in most tested scenarios, but tougher assumptions erode it. The bear case scenario above shows what happens if growth disappoints — that is the scenario most likely to flip this reading.
Reverse DCF — what today's price implies
Reverse DCF keeps the cash-flow forecast fixed — including about 5.8% average revenue growth in Years 1–5 — then asks: what required return or long-run growth rate would make today's price rational?
Price vs. DCF fair value
below DCF fair value
What today's price is asking you to believe
Neither implied assumption looks stretched versus the DCF base case.
The stock trades 23% below the DCF fair-value estimate, so the market is already pricing in a more conservative setup than the base case.
Current price
$229.03Market price used in the reverse DCFDCF fair value
$301.17Base-case intrinsic value per shareForecast growth (Years 1-5)
5.8% avg. per yearAverage annual revenue growth in the DCF base caseWhat long-run growth does today's price imply?
vs. DCF base case
At today's price, long-run growth only needs to be 0.9% — below the 2.8% rate in the base case.
DCF base case terminal growth: 2.8%What WACC does today's price imply?
vs. DCF base case
This price still works even if investors demand a 8.6% required return — above the 7.5% used in the base case.
DCF base case WACC: 7.5%Same DCF model applied to every company. If IBM's gap to fair value stands apart from peers, the case is stock-specific — not a sector-wide trend.
| Company | Peer Type | Mkt Cap | Price | Intrinsic Value | Upside / Premium | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IBMInternational Business Machines CorporationYou are here | Subject | — | $229.03 | $301.17 | +30% | Undervalued |
| Core | $111.5B | $179.01 | $308.99 | +72% | Undervalued | |
| Core | $39.9B | $30.04 | $19.14 | -33% | Overvalued | |
| Core | $2.0B | $11.86 | $79.86 | +572% | Undervalued | |
| Core | $24.6B | $51.87 | $123.73 | +136% | Undervalued | |
| Core | $50.5B | $12.46 | $14.63 | +17% | Undervalued | |
| Core | $20.8B | $1.99 | $2.29 | +13% | Fair Value | |
| Segment | $3.1T | $411.35 | $523.90 | +26% | Undervalued |
Differences in intrinsic value reflect differences in each company's financial data and business model — not inconsistency in the methodology. Peer rows without DCF coverage show “—”.
This page is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice. Intrinsic value estimates are model outputs under stated assumptions and should not be relied upon as the sole basis for any investment decision.
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