Cash conversion has severely deteriorated, with the latest quarter showing an operating cash flow of -$664.9M against net income of $19.1M, a disconnect driven by extreme working capital volatility that masks underlying cash burn.
WPP plc (WPP) cash flow statement — 22-year operating, investing & financing cash flows
| Metric | TTM | Dec'25 | Dec'24 | Dec'23 | Dec'22 | Dec'21 | Dec'20 | Dec'19 | Dec'18 | Dec'17 | Dec'16 | Dec'15 | Dec'14 | Dec'13 | Dec'12 | Dec'11 | Dec'10 | Dec'09 | Dec'08 | Dec'07 | Dec'06 | Dec'05 | Dec'04 |
|---|
| Cash from Operations | 2.01B | 724M | 1.41B | 1.24B | 700.9M | 2.03B | 2.05B | 1.85B | 1.69B | 1.41B | 1.77B | 1.36B | 1.7B | 1.37B | 908.3M | 665.2M | 1.36B | 818.8M | 922.7M | 891.3M | 661.4M | 837.5M | 556.4M |
| Operating CF Margin % | - | 5.34% | 9.55% | 8.34% | 4.86% | 15.85% | 17.08% | 13.98% | 12.98% | 10.71% | 11.91% | 11.11% | 14.78% | 12.47% | 8.76% | 6.64% | 14.59% | 9.43% | 12.34% | 14.41% | 11.2% | 15.59% | 12.94% |
| Operating CF Growth % | -49.89% | -48.58% | 13.71% | 76.66% | -65.46% | -1.05% | 10.81% | 9.25% | 20.29% | -20.62% | 30.44% | -20.18% | 23.98% | 51.29% | 36.55% | -51.13% | 66.24% | -11.26% | 3.52% | 34.76% | -21.03% | 50.52% | - |
| Net Income | 141.14M | -215M | 629M | 197.2M | 775.4M | 720.7M | -2.9B | 844.1M | 824.6M | 1.96B | 1.4B | 1.16B | 1.08B | 936.5M | 822.7M | 840.1M | 586M | 437.7M | 439.1M | 465.9M | 435.8M | 363.9M | 273M |
| Depreciation & Amortization | 894.58M | 447M | 494M | 1.17B | 513.1M | 541.8M | 631M | 637.3M | 454.7M | 456.1M | 427.8M | 368.5M | 376.4M | 414.5M | 396.6M | 383.5M | 380.8M | 398.4M | 251.4M | 184.7M | 185.9M | 147.4M | 103.4M |
| Stock-Based Compensation | 85M | 73M | 109M | 140.1M | 122M | 99.6M | 74.4M | 66M | 78.3M | 98.3M | 106.5M | 99M | 102.2M | 105.4M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Deferred Taxes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other Non-Cash Items | 2.93B | 320M | -9M | -13.5M | 137.1M | -35.1M | 3.41B | 347.5M | 671.4M | -749M | 179.4M | 609.7M | 302.7M | 118.4M | 37.7M | 10M | 145.5M | 84.8M | 326M | 215.3M | 160.8M | 228.6M | 185.6M |
| Working Capital Changes | -2.04B | 99M | 185M | -260.2M | -846.7M | 702M | 838.2M | -44.4M | -335.2M | -361M | -340M | -877.5M | -154.8M | -200.6M | -348.7M | -568.4M | 248.9M | -102.1M | -93.8M | 25.4M | -121.1M | 97.6M | -5.6M |
| Change in Receivables | 92M | 307M | 325M | 356.8M | -652.7M | -578.9M | 708.5M | 159M | -298.9M | -90.4M | 23.7M | -882.7M | -132.5M | -253.3M | -436.4M | -1.8M | -850.8M | -90M | 492.6M | -886.7M | -489.1M | -618.5M | -414.6M |
| Change in Inventory | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.8M | -9.7M | 36.7M | -17.6M | 32.7M | -46.3M | 12.4M | 65.6M | 29.4M | -83M | 39.5M | 40.1M |
| Change in Payables | -1.3B | 0 | 31M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 105.3M | -599.3M | 1.15B | -25.8M | -652M | 905.2M | 451M | 676.6M | 368.9M |
| Cash from Investing | -182.97M | -347M | 278M | -380.4M | -408.9M | -638.4M | -163.4M | 1.76B | 74.6M | -547M | -974.5M | -926.1M | -703.2M | -478.6M | -793.2M | -709.8M | -410M | -388.9M | -1.26B | -837.3M | -377.7M | -672.3M | -295.2M |
| Capital Expenditures | -351.63M | -91M | -189M | -177.2M | -208.4M | -263.2M | -218.3M | -339.3M | -314.8M | -288.9M | -252.1M | -210.3M | -177.9M | -240.7M | -330.1M | -253.2M | -217.5M | -253.3M | -220.6M | -170.8M | -184.5M | -171.3M | -95.6M |
| CapEx % of Revenue | 1.28% | 0.67% | 1.28% | 1.19% | 1.44% | 2.06% | 1.82% | 2.56% | 2.41% | 2.2% | 1.69% | 1.72% | 1.54% | 2.18% | 3.18% | 2.53% | 2.33% | 2.92% | 2.95% | 2.76% | 3.12% | 3.19% | 2.22% |
| Acquisitions | -196.35M | -183M | -246M | -267.5M | -248.6M | -405.9M | -221.9M | -134.1M | -235.6M | -385M | -459.1M | -449.7M | -342.3M | -167.8M | -397.7M | -339.1M | -131M | -52.6M | -886.5M | -451.6M | -76.7M | -380.6M | -81.7M |
| Investments | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other Investing | 494.06M | -73M | 67M | -35.2M | -2M | -21.2M | -43.2M | 2.23B | 625M | 126.9M | -343.8M | -329.5M | -225.3M | -82.1M | 0 | -52M | -61.4M | -80.2M | -70.4M | -96M | -103.3M | -129.7M | -105.2M |
| Cash from Financing | -1.75B | -319M | -989M | -904.7M | -1.91B | -2.06B | -250.5M | -2.92B | -1.61B | -785.6M | -1.19B | -704M | -571.4M | -207M | -64.7M | -207.1M | -269.6M | -169.6M | 747.5M | 203.3M | 43.9M | -853.6M | -51.4M |
| Debt Issued (Net) | -153.12M | 188M | -41M | -94.9M | -220.6M | -397.1M | 632.8M | -1.96B | -440.6M | 599.6M | -22.5M | 492M | 465.2M | 436.8M | 380.5M | 301.4M | 19.8M | 107.4M | 1.09B | 770M | 382.1M | -595.2M | 128.6M |
| Equity Issued (Net) | -142.15M | -97M | -80M | -53.2M | -861.5M | -814.1M | -290.2M | -43.8M | -207.1M | -504.2M | -427.4M | -587.6M | -510.8M | -197M | -86.7M | -165.3M | -7.2M | -24.2M | -114.1M | -388.9M | -190.5M | -134.2M | -75.8M |
| Dividends Paid | -768M | -343M | -425M | -422.8M | -365.4M | -314.7M | -122M | -750.5M | -747.4M | -751.5M | -616.5M | -545.8M | -460M | -397.3M | -306.6M | -218.4M | -200.4M | -189.8M | -161.8M | -138.9M | -118.9M | -100.2M | -81.7M |
| Share Repurchases | -142.15M | -97M | -82M | -53.9M | -862.7M | -818.5M | -290.2M | -43.8M | -207.1M | -504.2M | -427.4M | -587.6M | -510.8M | -197M | -134.5M | -182.2M | -46.4M | -9.5M | -105.3M | -415.4M | -257.7M | -152.3M | -88.7M |
| Other Financing | -683.41M | -67M | -443M | -333.8M | -463.5M | -531.1M | -471.1M | -164.7M | -218.7M | -129.5M | -127.1M | -62.6M | -65.8M | -49.5M | -51.9M | -124.8M | -81.8M | -63M | -63.5M | -38.9M | -28.8M | -24M | -22.5M |
| Net Change in Cash | 171.89M | 59M | 607M | -126.5M | -1.55B | -796.5M | 1.54B | 532.1M | 203M | 95.6M | -44M | -301M | 364.4M | 1.88B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Free Cash Flow | 1.77B | 633M | 1.17B | 1.02B | 477.6M | 1.74B | 1.78B | 1.51B | 1.38B | 1.12B | 1.52B | 1.15B | 1.53B | 1.13B | 618M | 449.1M | 1.17B | 595.9M | 725.9M | 740.2M | 493.6M | 677M | 466.7M |
| FCF Margin % | 6.46% | 4.67% | 7.95% | 6.88% | 3.31% | 13.56% | 14.81% | 11.42% | 10.57% | 8.51% | 10.22% | 9.4% | 13.23% | 10.29% | 5.96% | 4.48% | 12.55% | 6.86% | 9.71% | 11.97% | 8.36% | 12.6% | 10.85% |
| FCF Growth % | -18.03% | -45.99% | 14.79% | 113.78% | -72.49% | -2.36% | 17.65% | 9.59% | 23.21% | -26.45% | 32.37% | -24.66% | 34.61% | 83.41% | 37.61% | -61.64% | 96.46% | -17.91% | -1.93% | 49.96% | -27.09% | 45.06% | - |
| FCF per Share | 8.08 | 2.94 | 5.34 | 4.67 | 2.14 | 7.14 | 7.19 | 5.99 | 5.47 | 4.39 | 5.87 | 4.38 | 5.70 | 4.17 | 2.28 | 1.67 | 4.37 | 2.41 | 3.10 | 3.02 | 1.99 | 2.76 | 1.91 |
| FCF Conversion (FCF/Net Income) | 12.58x | -3.37x | 2.60x | 11.22x | 1.03x | 3.18x | -0.69x | 2.19x | 2.05x | 0.72x | 1.27x | 1.17x | 1.58x | 1.47x | 1.10x | 0.79x | 2.32x | 1.87x | 2.10x | 1.91x | 1.52x | 2.30x | 2.04x |
| Interest Paid | 446M | 377M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 375.7M | 252.8M | 246.6M | 242.1M | 212M | 249.1M | 254.7M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Taxes Paid | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Quick answers to the most common questions about buying WPP stock.
WPP plc (WPP) generated $724.0M in net cash from operating activities in 2025. This reflects the cash generated directly from core business operations.
WPP plc (WPP) generated $633.0M in free cash flow in 2025. Free cash flow is the cash left over after capital expenditures, which can be used to pay dividends, repurchase shares, or pay down debt.
WPP plc (WPP) spent $91.0M on capital expenditures in 2025. CapEx represents the cash invested in physical assets like property, plant, and equipment to maintain or grow the business.
In 2025, WPP plc (WPP) returned $343.0M to shareholders via cash dividends and spent $97.0M on share repurchases. This shows the company's commitment to returning capital to its equity investors.
Key Metrics
Top Statement Risk
Severe working capital volatility
Earnings Quality Severely Distorted by Working Capital
The quality of earnings is deeply impaired, as the OCF/NI ratio has been negative in seven of the last ten quarters, with the latest quarter showing operating cash flow of -$664.9M against net income of $19.1M, a severe disconnect according to recent SEC filings.
This pattern indicates that reported net income is not translating into cash generation, primarily due to massive swings in working capital. The company's core profitability is insufficient to overcome the cash drain from its operational cycle, suggesting that accrual accounting is masking underlying cash generation weakness.
Free Cash Flow in Structural Decline
WPP's FCF trajectory is deteriorating sharply, with the latest quarter producing a -$699.1M FCF versus a positive $1.7B in the prior year's fourth quarter, a reversal that appears structural given the underlying revenue contraction noted in income statement analysis.
The company's ability to generate discretionary cash flow has collapsed. When viewed alongside the reported -3.6% revenue decline, the negative FCF trend suggests the business is unable to generate sufficient cash from its shrinking operations to fund basic investment needs, indicating a fundamental issue with cash conversion.
Extreme Working Capital Swings Mask Core Weakness
Working capital changes are the dominant driver of cash flow volatility, with the most recent quarter showing a -$994.3M use of cash, while the prior quarter (2025Q4) saw a $144.0M source, based on reported figures.
This extreme volatility suggests significant challenges in managing the timing of client collections and vendor payments. The pattern indicates that WPP may be offering extended payment terms to retain clients in a competitive market, or facing delays in receivables, which severely destabilizes its cash flow profile and warrants investor monitoring.
Minimal CapEx Fails to Offset Cash Burn
Capital expenditure remains low at 1.3% of revenue in the latest quarter, yet this modest investment is insufficient to generate positive free cash flow given the severe operating cash outflows reported in financial statements.
The low capital intensity is typical for an agency model but is no longer a strength in this context. With core operations burning cash, even minimal growth or maintenance investments become a net drain, highlighting that the business cannot generate internal funds to support its own modest reinvestment requirements.
Cash Flow Statement Obscures True Debt Burden
The cash flow analysis may understate financial stress, as the reported acquisition outflows, averaging over $100M per quarter, are not fully reflected in a deteriorating net debt position, suggesting potential use of off-balance sheet financing according to recent SEC filings.
WPP continues to deploy capital for acquisitions despite negative FCF, which raises questions about the sustainability of its funding sources. The combination of shareholder returns, acquisitions, and operational cash burn points to a reliance on external financing that is not transparently captured in the reported cash flow from operations and financing activities.